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Advanced C1 – C2

Advanced C1 – C2. Joining. Grammar Forces. (Grammar) Miscellany Practice - Testing. What does ‘miscellany’ mean?. a mixture of different things. What kind of ‘miscellany’ does this grammar unit involve?. More subtle details of the English Grammar, like: questions & their types,

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Advanced C1 – C2

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  1. Advanced C1 – C2 Joining Grammar Forces

  2. (Grammar) MiscellanyPractice - Testing

  3. What does ‘miscellany’ mean? a mixture of different things

  4. What kind of ‘miscellany’ does this grammar unit involve? More subtle details of the English Grammar, like: questions & their types, the formation of verbs with ‘be’ & ‘get’ & 3. the typical subjects and object.

  5. 1. Questions Practice - Testing

  6. Questions are not very important in communication. Right answer: they are very important because they provide information & make up a large amount of everyday discourse

  7. The main rule governing questions in English is ‘inversion’.

  8. Inversion means ‘reversing the positions of any two terms in a sentence’. Right answer: reversing the positions of the helping verb & the subject ONLY

  9. What exceptions are there to the ‘inversion’ rule for questions? Subject Questions Indirect & Reported Questions Inverted Emphatic Forms

  10. 1a. Question Types & Possible Answers Practice - Testing

  11. A) What are Display Questions? a) Yes/ No normal question type with inversion Possible Answers: Yes/ No (short) answers mainly e.g. Yes, I have OR No, I haven’t but at this level there could be others.

  12. A) What are Display Questions? b) Wh- Questions, i.e. normal question type with inversion but starting with a question word/ phrase to ask for specific information Possible Answers: Full or short answers responding to the type of info sought by the question word/ phrase

  13. B) What are Subject Questions? those seeking the subject of a sentence and therefore not forming inversion Form: Who/ What/ Which/ How much/ How many + verb (in affirmative form) + rest of the sentence Possible Answers: By subject alone OR by subject + helping verb

  14. B) Subject vs. Normal Questions Compare: Something was said. What was said? They said something. What did they say? &

  15. C) What are Direct Questions? the Display or Normal Questions described before in A & B

  16. C) What are Indirect Questions? those introduced by a phrase (and therefore being asked indirectly)

  17. C) What are Reported Questions? those in Reported Speech (similar to indirect ones but with ‘backshift’) Possible Answers to Indirect & Reported Questions: can be various

  18. D) What are Negative-Interrogative Questions? those of the form: Inversion + not (& formed in two ways:) • with the contracted negative form of the helping verb inverted with the subject • with normal inversion, as in normal questions, but adding not after the subject (FORMAL)

  19. D) How are Negative-Interrogative Questions used? a) to emphasise expectancy on the part of the speaker b) to show that the person asking is fairly sure of the answer c) to show irony, sarcasm, exclamation, etc

  20. D) Negative-Interrogative Questions: possible answers Yes/ No short answers, depending on whether we agree or disagree with the point raised & various others.

  21. E) What are Question Tags? short questions, at the end of an affirmative or negative statement, of the form: helping verb + (contracted ‘not’) + subject pronoun • positive statement (), negative ()-interrogative (?) question tag & • negative () statement, simply interrogative (?) question tag

  22. E) How are Questions Tags used? a) to ask a real question in a tentative way (rising intonation!) b) to check whether a statement is true or not (conversation-starter questions – falling/ flat intonation!)

  23. E) Question Tags: possible answers they agree with or contradict the statement, not the question tag

  24. E) Exceptional Question Tags I

  25. E) Exceptional Question Tags II

  26. F) a. Standard Questions are those that anticipate a particular answer. • They are: • What does sb/ sth look like? → appearance • What is sb/ sth like? → (personal) qualities • What does sb like? → preferences • What is sb? → nationality/ job • What does sb do? → job/ profession/ occupation

  27. F) b. ‘Questions that are not real’ are formulaic expressions used as niceties & comments. • How do you do? → first-time greeting • How are you/ how are you doing/ how is it going?→ greeting sb you know • What’s the matter with you? → asked when sb is acting out of character • (Well, well) What do you know? → surprise/ irony • How should I know? → annoyance at sb’s suggestion that we should have the answer

  28. G) What are Short Responses? brief answers of 2 main forms: for Uncertainty/ Avoidance of Repetition& to Add Points to sb’s Words

  29. 2. ‘Be’ & ‘Get’ Forming Verbs Practice - Testing

  30. Why are ‘be’ & ‘get’ important verbs? because along with ‘have’ they are the most multi-purpose verbs

  31. Which of their (many) uses is dealt with here? their ability to combine with adj.’s & adv.’s to form new verbs and how the new verbs differ when formed with ‘be’ or ‘get

  32. ‘Be’ & ‘Get’ form & meaning be & get + adj.’s/ adv.’s  new verbs. Meaning: with ‘be’the action/ state described is already established with ‘get’ the meaning is starting to be(come)

  33. So, can you tell the difference between: be hungry & get hungry? be thirsty & get thirsty? be afraid & get afraid?

  34. Is the same practice possible with adverbs, nouns & (sometimes other) verbs? Yes. (Consider: be away & get away, get pains BUT be in pain, be sleeping & get to sleep).

  35. 3. Typical Subjects & ObjectPractice - Testing

  36. What happens when the subject or object of a verb sounds awkward in its proper place? We use ‘it’ & ‘there’ as introductory/ typical subjects (and objects)

  37. How is ‘it’ used as a typical subject? when the real subject of the verb is: an infinitive a gerund a noun (that) clause

  38. What mustn’t we mix typical-subject ‘it’ with? the cases when it’s used: i) in place of a neutral noun mentioned before ii) as the ordinary subject of an impersonal verb iii) to identify sb/ sth iv) in other impersonal or emphatic constructions

  39. How is ‘it’ used as a typical object? after verbs like: find, think, consider, etc when the real object of the verb is: an infinitive (at the end of the sentence) a noun clause (at the end of the sentence)

  40. How is ‘there’ used as a typical subject? with intransitive verbs when the real subject of the sentence is: a noun a determiner

  41. What mustn’t we mix typical-subject ‘there’ with? the cases when it’s used: as a place adverb in exclamatory/ emphatic sentences

  42. Can you think of an example when ‘there’ could also be used as a typical object? I don’t want there to be any uncertainty.

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