THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

1. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

2. The year is 1492. On a beach on an island in the Caribbean Sea. Two Taino girls were walking in the cool shade of the palm trees eating roasted sweet potatoes.

3. Imagine setting out across an ocean that may or may not contain sea monsters or maps. Imagine sailing for 96 days with no idea when you will see land again. Christopher Columbus Vasco da Gama Jacques Cartier Ferdinand Magellan Renaissance Explorers

4. 1534 Sailed for France Discovered east coast of Canada, St Lawrence River Traded with Natives Jacques Cartier

5. Cartier’s major routes

6. 1497 Sailed for Portugal Found a route from Europe to India Vasco De Gama

7. De Gama’s Major Routes

8. 1521 Sailed for Portugal First Explorer to circumnavigate the globe. Ferdinand Magellan

10. 1492 Italian but sailed for Spain First to reach the America’s (Caribbean Islands)SANTA MARIA Christopher Columbus

11. Columbus’s Major Routes

12. Map of the World during the Renaissance New way of thinking in science and the arts Believed in Humanism and the Individual Confidence to achieve their dreams even with dangers The Influence of the Renaissance

13. Exploring to Expand Trade • Trade with the East • Exploring for Gold • Exploring to Expand Christianity Gold, Glory and God

14. Trade with the East • Renaissance Europeans spent huge amounts on luxury goods from the East • Spices • Silks

15. The Spice Trade • Arab merchants bought spices in India • They would bring them to Constantinople and sell them to Italians • Italians would bring them to Europe • Every step of the way the price went up 100-2000 times the original price

16. High prices for luxury goods was a problem So was security of the trade routes. Wars and power shifts affected trade Example one The collapse of Mongol Empire Example two Muslims took over christian Constantinople The Spice Trade

17. Consider a dilemma • You live in Renaissance Italy and you have inherited a large sum of money. You have the opportunity to invest in a trading expedition travelling to Constantinople or to find a new route to the Asian spice markets. Which would you choose and why?

18. Exploring for Gold • Today list some ways of currency? • Can you imagine a time when there wasn’t enough money to go around? • Renaissance (Gold) there wasn’t enough • Traders needed gold for business transactions. • Coins used (gold and silver) • European mines were running out

19. MANSA MOUSSA • Muslim ruler of Mali (Northwest Africa) • Mali an important trade route (gold, silver, salt, ivory and slaves) • 1324 went on a pilgremage to Mecca • Brought a caravan of thousands • Carried Gold and gave to the poor along the way • Europeans shocked at how rich this guy was!

20. Exploring to Expand Christianity • The worldview of Renaissance Europe was to expand christianity. Quote from the Bible “Go into all the world, and proclaim the good news to the whole creation” (Mark 16:15)

21. Exploring to Expand Christianity • Renaissance Explorers believed they were following Jesus’s wishes by bringing christianity to the people they visited.

22. Islamic Worldview Five religious duties of Islam and the Qur’an • There is no god but Allah and Muhammed is his messanger • Pray daily • Fast during the month of Ramadan • Give to the poor • Make a pilgremmage to Mecca once in your life.

23. “Prince Henry was stirred up by his zeal for the service of God…he wanted to know if there were any Christian Princes in whom the charity and love of Christ was so much that they would help him against the Muslims…He had a great desire to increase the faith of Christians “ Gomes Eannes de Azurara, Friend of Prince Henry How does Prince Henry’s religious worldview affect his attitude toward the Muslims? Religious Motives for Exploration

24. Prince Henry’s Worldview • Threatened by Muslims to the south and east • Heard of the story of Christian King Prester John and a long lost christian land.

25. European Explorers • In Canada explorers were accompanied by missionaries. • Catholic and Anglican priests • Missionaries would preach to First Nations Example : Robert Rundle of the Methodist Church 1850’s set up a school and church.

26. Homework Materials needed Chapter handout Page 113 Questions 1)A 2) A

27. The Means to Explore Think about your academic fair due in february. • Equipment • Money • Time • Skills These are all called means. Renaissance Explorers had the mental outlook and motivation to explore to….. Expand trade, find gold, influence christianity

28. Renaissance Explorers borrowed • Just like you borrow some ideas from peers who have completed academic fairs before you…why reinvent the wheel. Renaissance explorers borrowed from • Ancient Greeks and Romans (math, science philosophy, art) • Muslim cultures (math, mapping)

29. Expanding the Known World • Europeans knowledge was limited • Books by travellers like Marco Polo were full of misinformation. (He travelled to China by caravan)

32. Maps by Italian Monk Fra Mauro (1459)and Ptolemy’s idea of the world (1482) • How are these two maps similar and different? • Which map do you think might have encouraged Europeans to look for a sea route to China or India? • How is the worldview of Fra Mauro’s map different from that of Psalter Map on page 30

34. Expanding Navigational Technology Navigation: The science of determining course, position, and distance travelled by ship. It comes from the Latin word navis (ship) and agere (to drive)

35. Prince Henry of Portugal Huge interest in ships and navigation Was wealthy like the Medici’s Became a patron of explorers (sponsored them with money) Created a centre to study navigation Prince Henry the Navigator

36. Compass Used for finding the direction a ship is travelling Developed in China About 1700 years ago Instruments for Navigation

37. Astrolabe Used the north star or sun to calculate latitude, the distance north or south of the equator Invented by ancient Greeks, Arab mathematicians and astronomers

38. Cross-staff Used to measure the altitude of the Pole star above the horizon to determine latitude Invented around 1342 for astronomy and used in 1514 in navigation

39. Back-staff Used to measure the altitude of the Sun to determine latitude. Developed in 1594 as an improvement over the cross-staff

41. Think it through? • Which of these instruments do you think was the most important for navigation? • What tools can we use today for navigation?

42. European Expansion Expansionism: the actions and attitudes of a state or country whose goal is to increase it’s power and territory.

43. Exploration Begins • Started by Going EAST • Portugal • West coast of Africa • Trading posts along the way • Gold trade and Slave trade • Started sugar plantations in the Caribbean Islands and used African slaves to work the farms. • For 3 centuries millions of African slaves were captured and millions died on route from the terrible conditions on slave ships.

45. Battle of Exploration between Spain and Portugal • Vasco De Gama (Portugal) travelling in 1497 and found India • Pressure on Spain and Columbus found the “West Indies” in 1492 • Similar to the Space Race in the 1960’s

46. Columbus and MagellanSpanish Explorers • Convinced he could find a shorter route by sailing west. • Took 33 days to sail across Atlantic • Later years took 3 more trips for gold and spices • Died bitter and poor after his 4th voyage in 1506 • Magellan sailed around the world and reached the Philippines. • Was killed after getting involved in a local war but his ship reached Spain full of spices and circumnavigated the globe.

47. Homework Page 126 Questions 1.a,b

48. Movie on Exploration T drive Subject areas Grade 8 Mellor Exploration