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The 1950s

The 1950s. Chapter 16/17. Yalta. -U.S. & USSR had a shaky alliance up to the end of WWII -At Yalta, Allies agree to split Germany -W. Germany under U.S., Britain, France -E. Germany under USSR -1948 Britain, France & US give up control of W. Germany -Becomes the Federal Republic of Germany

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The 1950s

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  1. The 1950s Chapter 16/17

  2. Yalta • -U.S. & USSR had a shaky alliance up to the end of WWII • -At Yalta, Allies agree to split Germany • -W. Germany under U.S., Britain, France • -E. Germany under USSR • -1948 Britain, France & US give up control of W. Germany • -Becomes the Federal Republic of Germany • -USSR refuses to give up control of E. Germany • -Renames it German Democratic Republic • -Major disagreement at Yalta was over Poland • -USSR finally takes over Poland but agrees to allow free election in Poland

  3. The United Nations • -The United Nations was also created at Yalta • -April 1945, 50 nations meet to create rules for U.N. • Today 192 • -Main job is to prevent world wars • -U.N. is divided into 2 groups: • General Assembly • -All member countries have one seat, one delegate, & one vote on issues • Security Council • -11 countries in 1945 • -Today 15 • -Permanent members are U.S., Britain, France, China, & USSR • -Have power to veto any rule made by General Assembly

  4. UN Security Council Member Nations 2009 Members Austria, Burkina-Faso, Costa Rica, Croatia, Japan, Libya, Mexico, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam Permanent Members US, United Kingdom, France, Russian Federation, China

  5. Post-War Goals • -US & USSR had very different ideas about Europe • -US felt it fought for democracy in Europe • -Felt if USSR held Europe, democracy would die • -USSR lost 20 million people during WWII • -Wanted to protect its borders • -Used Satellite Nations • -Countries on USSR’s border that were under USSR control • -Take over 7 satellite nations: • 1. Albania 4. Hungary • 2. Bulgaria 5. Romania • 3. Czech. 6. Yugoslavia • 7. Finland • -Stalin wanted even more satellite nations • -Creates the Cominform to do it • -Agency to spread Communism around the world

  6. The Iron Curtain • -March 1946, Churchill visits Westminster College in Missouri • -Gives his famous Iron Curtain Speech • -Said an Iron Curtain now divided E & W Europe • -Divided Democracy and Communism • -Sets the tone for the Cold War • -Political & economic war between US &USSR • -No shots fired

  7. Containment & The Truman Doctrine • -US realizes they could not co-exist with USSR • -Begins a policy called Containment • -US would resist attempts to start Communism in other parts of the world • -Truman 1st used containment in Turkey & Greece • -1947 he creates the Truman Doctrine • -The US will aid any country that is threatened by Communism • -Truman gives $400 million to Greece & Turkey • -Stops Stalin’s plan to take over both • -Truman Doctrine becomes US policy for next 40 years • -Shows the world that US & USSR only 2 world superpowers left

  8. The Marshall Plan • -WWII destroyed most of Europe • -US promised to help rebuild homes & businesses • -To help Europe, US creates Marshall Plan • -US will give money & aid to help rebuild Europe after WWII • -Plan created by Sec. of State George C. Marshall • -Congress approves plan in 1948 • -17 nations participate • -USSR refuses US aid • -$13 Billion sent to rebuild Europe • -Main reason European countries more modern today

  9. Berlin Airlift • -Berlin is located in E. Germany • -Still divided between the Allies • -USSR refuses to let Allies give supplies to W. Berlin • -Truman begins Berlin Airlift • -15 month plan of dropping supplies into W. Berlin by air • -13,000 tons of goods dropped • -USSR finally gives up & allows Allies into W. Berlin in May 1949

  10. NATO • -USSR was making UN useless b/c of veto power • -1946 Canada proposes new peacekeeping body • -Called North Atlantic Treaty Organization • -NATO • -Organization to protect the countries of W. Europe and W. Hemisphere • -Made up of US, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, & Portugal • -NATO agreed that an attack on a NATO member would be considered an attack on all NATO members • -Idea was called Collective Security • -USSR responds by creating Warsaw Pact • -Military alliance between the countries of E. Europe

  11. Communism Gains Power • -USSR & Communism increase their strength • -Sept. 1949 USSR tests their atomic bomb • -To keep one step ahead, US creates Hydrogen Bomb on October 31st 1952 • -Begins an Arms Race • Competition to get the best weapons • -Communists gain more power in 1949 when China becomes Communist under new leader Mao Ze Dong • -Also gives Communists more power in UN

  12. HUAC • -People in US hated & feared “Reds” [Communists] • -Truman uses his power to deport Communists • -All govt. employees investigated • -Hundreds fired • -House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) • -Lead by Sen. Joseph McCarthy • -Created in 1938 to investigate Communists in Hollywood • -1947 Hollywood members brought before HUAC • -Had to say if they were Communists & turn in people they knew were Communists • -Those who were named to HUAC were put on a Blacklist • List of suspected Communists that were not to be hired in Hollywood • -Most famous blacklisted were Hollywood Ten • 10 people who refused to testify & went to jail

  13. HOllywood 10 and their lawyer outside Congress

  14. The Red Scare • -US people extremely scared of Communists • -Feared they would take over US & destroy American way of life • -Called The Red Scare • -To stop Communists from coming to US, Congress passes McCurran-Walter Act • -Set a quota for immigration based on the country

  15. Communist Spies • -2 major spy cases during Red Scare: • 1. Alger Hiss • -Member of US State Dept. • -Accused of being Communist • -Convicted of Perjury & jailed for 4 years • -Lying under oath • 2. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • -Members of the Communist Party in the US • -Tried & convicted of selling atomic secrets to USSR • -Executed for Espionage in 1953

  16. Alger Hiss testifying before HUAC

  17. Korean War • -Korea was divided between Democratic & Communist • -North was Communist; South was Democratic • -Divided at 38th Parallel • -June 1950, N. Korea invades S. Korea • -Begins Korean War • -USSR & China support N. Korea • -US & Britain support S. Korea • -Allied troops were led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur • -MacArthur fired by Truman in 1951 for refusing to obey orders • -Truce between N & S signed in 1953 • -Country still divided at 38th Parallel • -55,000 American troops die in Korea • -103,000 wounded • -Often called The Forgotten War • -US people didn’t know what we were fighting for [Containment] • -No respect for Vets • -Begins US peoples’ hatred of war

  18. Cold War in the Sky • USSR creates a new missile • -Called ICBM • -Intercontinental Ballistic Missile • -Could reach US in 2 hours from USSR • -1st direct threat to US mainland • -1957 USSR launches 1st satellite • -Called Sputnik • -3 weeks later Sputnik II launched • -Carried 1st living thing in space • -Dog called Laika • -USSR far ahead of the US in Space Race

  19. Warhead ICBM

  20. New Technology • -Technology boomed in 1950’s • -Although the 1st TV was created in 1930’s, it was not perfected or able to be used until 1950’s • -Becomes status symbol in 1950’s • -By 1953, 2/3 of all US homes had TVs • -Avg. family watched 5 hours a day • -All shows were live

  21. 4 most popular shows were: • Mickey Mouse Club • I Love Lucy • American Bandstand • Howdy Doody

  22. -Computers were also created in 1950’s • -Software created by Grace Hopper at Harvard Univ. called UNIVAC • -Bell Telephone created 1st Transistor in 1950’s • -Tiny circuit • -Pre microchip • -Made machines smaller • -Also portable • -Ex. Desktop computer • -Transistor Radio • -1957 1st nuclear power-plant opens in Shippingport, Pa. • -1954 Dr. Jonas Salk & Dr. Thomas Francis create the Polio Vaccine

  23. Transistor Grace Hopper and UNIVAC Transistor Radios

  24. US Society Changes • -Life in US changed for many in 40’s & 50’s • -Birthrates in 1940’s & 1950’s rose higher than at any time in US history • -Called Baby Boom • -More Americans were educated in 1950’s • -To help educate people, especially veterans, Congress creates The GI Bill • -Gives all veterans low income mortgages & paid for college

  25. Rock & Roll • Music changed in 1950’s with birth of Rock & Roll • -Cleveland DJ Alan Freed creates term in 1953 • -Many Americans hated it b/c it had Black influences • -Thought it was too sexual & unChristian • -Major Rock & Roll artists were: • 1. Little Richard 2. Chuck Berry • 3. Bill Haley and the Comets • 4. Elvis Presley • -Most popular & made R & R popular • -Famous for songs like “Heartbreak Hotel” &“TuttiFrutti“ • Elvis also famous for being censored by television for “dancing too sexually”

  26. Levittowns • -Suburbs began to grow with creation by William Levitt • -Built homes quickly & cheap within driving distance from cities • -Areas called Levittowns • -1st was in NY. Also one in PA

  27. The Beatniks • A new culture rose out of the 1950s. • Called the Beat Movement • Beatniks • Believed in not conforming to society’s idea of what “normal” was. • Centered in Greenwich Village NY • Spiritual leader of the beatniks was Jack Kerouac • Beatniks were the model for the 1960s Counter Culture.

  28. Birth of the Civil Rights Movement • -Truman wins election of 1948 • -Orders military to be desegregated • -Begins move to desegregate entire US • -1947 baseball is desegregated when Jackie Robinson joins Brooklyn Dodgers

  29. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas • -Up until 1954, “Separate but Equal” was US law • -All areas separate especially schools • -1951 Oliver Brown sued Topeka Board of Ed. • -Wanted his daughter to attend all white school • -Case reaches Supreme Court • -May 17, 1954 Supreme Court ruled “Separate but Equal” was unconstitutional in schools • -Supposed to begin desegregation of schools • Most southern schools do not follow rule until 1960-70s

  30. Montgomery Bus Boycott • -Dec. 1955, Rosa Parks refused to obey law that required Blacks to ride in back of buses • -Arrested for violating segregation laws • -Begins boycott of Montgomery, AL. buses • -Lasts 381 days • -Led by a minister named Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • -Supreme Court rules bus segregation illegal

  31. December 21, 1956 One day after Supreme Court Decision

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