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儿童及青少年牙和支持组织的外伤

儿童及青少年牙和支持组织的外伤. 口腔预防儿童科 池政兵. Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues. Dental Trauma How to Diagnosis Treatment to the Dental Trauma. 2014/8/6. chi. 2. 概 论. 2014/8/6. chi. 3. 参考书.

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儿童及青少年牙和支持组织的外伤

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  1. 儿童及青少年牙和支持组织的外伤 口腔预防儿童科 池政兵

  2. Trauma to the Teeth and Supporting Tissues Dental Trauma How to Diagnosis Treatment to the Dental Trauma 2014/8/6 chi 2

  3. 概 论 2014/8/6 chi 3

  4. 参考书 Mc Donald RE and Avery DR. Dentistry for the Child andAdolescent,6th ed. st. Louis: C.V.Mosby,Co,1994. Andreason JO and Andreason FM. Essentials of traumatic injuries to the teeth. Denmark: Laursen A/S, TØnder, 1990. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 2014/8/6 chi 4

  5. The International Association of Dental Trauma (IADA)国际牙外伤协会 2014/8/6 chi 5

  6. 牙外伤(Dental Trauma or Injuries) 是指牙齿受到急剧的创伤,特别是打击、撞击等所引起的牙体、牙髓和牙周组织的损伤。(急性的) 2014/8/6 chi 6

  7. 儿童牙外伤的特点 年龄特点:儿童及青少年的发病率高 年龄高峰:乳牙 1~3岁 恒牙7~9岁 发生部位:切牙>尖牙>磨牙 上颌 >下颌 性别比较:男性 >女性 2014/8/6 chi 7

  8. 乳牙外伤后…… 影响后继恒牙的发育:①釉质发育不全 or 钙化不全② 修复性牙本质形成 ③ 弯曲牙 ④部分牙根停止发育 影响后继恒牙的正常萌出 影响恒牙列的正常形成 2014/8/6 chi 8

  9. 恒牙外伤后…… 牙体组织的缺失或缺损 接触点 邻牙倾斜;间隙的丧失;对颌牙的伸长(替牙期的患者影响更大) 2014/8/6 chi 9

  10. 牙外伤后…… 外伤牙本身预后的不定性,儿童生长发育的活跃性,诊断的困难性。 当时口腔局部的创伤;以后机体的生理和心理上的创伤 牙医:作出快速、正确、全面的诊断;作出正确的处理;减少后遗症。 2014/8/6 chi 10

  11. 牙外伤的诊断

  12. 牙外伤的诊断 病史 临床检查 发射性X线片的检查 2014/8/6 chi 12

  13. 病 史 年龄,性别,外伤原因,作用力的大小和方向,发生地点及环境污染情况,外伤确切的时间,对冷热的反应,是否影响咬合,就诊前脱位牙的保存情况,是否经过一段无意识期,有无恶心、呕吐,全身有无影响治疗的疾患:血友病等,以前有无牙外伤史 问  查 2014/8/6 chi 13

  14. 临床检查 电活力测定两种观点 新的、陌生的仪器  儿童 害怕;有效性(髓休克3个月) 机会;首次电活力意义(Rock等在1974年报道1年后82%有活力) 积极治疗;微不足道的刺激 冷热诊 常适用乳牙 光透射情况 (光束由舌侧向唇侧照射) 其它: 松动度检查 多个牙一起动提示? 叩诊检查 metallic / dull percussion tone提示? 2014/8/6 chi 14

  15. 放射性X线片检查 患牙与邻牙、对侧同名牙作比较 比较髓腔、根管的大小、形态以及发育情况 根折的检出率:(假阴性) ①X线透射中心的射线与牙折线一致或平行 ②夹角≤±15~20° ③夹角>±15~20 °无法显示 ④若怀疑有根折,改变角度,加拍2~3张牙片 2014/8/6 chi 15

  16. 牙外伤的治疗

  17. Treatment to the Dental Trauma Injury to the Primary Dental Crown Fractures Crown-Root Fractures Root Fractures Avulsion Concussion and Subluxation Extrusion Lateral Luxation Intrusion Fracture of the Alveolar Process 2014/8/6 chi 17

  18. 治疗原则 乳牙外伤 冠折 根折 冠根联合折 牙完全性脱位 牙震荡 牙伸长 牙侧向移位 牙嵌入 牙槽骨骨折 软组织外伤 2014/8/6 chi 18

  19. Injuries to the Primary Dentition Verify eventual collision between a displaced primary tooth and its permanent successor If this has occurred, remove the displaced incisor If not ,observation Monitor healing regularly with routine clinical and radiographic examination 2014/8/6 chi 19

  20. 乳 牙 外 伤 儿童的牙槽骨韧性较好,临床上以外伤移位多见 处理上要谨慎 乳牙外伤发生移位,伤及后继恒牙胚 乳牙外伤继发感染,伤及后继恒牙胚 2014/8/6 chi 20

  21. 乳 牙 外 伤 冠折:治疗原则同恒牙 冠根联合折 :拔牙,残留牙根(生理性吸收) 根折: 固定困难,拔除 侧向移位: 观察/拔除 嵌入: 观察/拔除 完全性脱位: 不作再植术 2014/8/6 chi 21

  22. Crown Fractures Fractures of enamel Grinding Composite restoration Fractures of enamel and dentin Composite restoration Re-attachment of the crown fragment Pulp exposures Pulp capping Pulpotomy 2014/8/6 chi 22

  23. 冠 折Crown Fractures 仅累及牙釉折层:磨改、树脂修复 累及牙本质:间接盖髓后,作牙折片再粘、树脂修复 累及牙髓腔:直接盖髓术或活髓切断术后,作冠修复 2014/8/6 chi 23

  24. Pulp Capping Isolate the pulp exposure Cover the pulp with a calcium hydroxide material Restore the teeth either immediately or after 3 month period 2014/8/6 chi 24

  25. Pulpotomy Isolate the pulp exposure Amputate the pulp to a level approximately 2 mm below the exposure site,or to where fresh bleeding is seen Restore the tooth either immediately or after a 3-month period 2014/8/6 chi 25

  26. Crown-Root fractures Removal of the coronal fragment with subsequent restoration above gingival level Removal of the coronal fragment supplemented by gingivectomy and osteotomy and subsequent restoration with a post-retained crown Removal of the coronal fragment and surgical extrusion of the root Removal of the coronal fragment and subsequent orthodontic of the root 2014/8/6 chi 26

  27. 冠 根 联 合 折crown root fractures 拔除冠折片,龈上冠修复 拔除冠折片,龈、骨切除术,冠修复 拔除冠折片,外科牙根伸长法,冠修复 拔除冠折片,正畸牙根伸长法,冠修复 纵折:拔除 2014/8/6 chi 27

  28. Root Fractures Check for pulpal complications after 3 weeks,6 weeks and 3 months Reposition the coronal fragment and use firm splinting for 3 months Root : crown1/3 middle1/3 apical1/3 2014/8/6 chi 28

  29. 根 折root fractures 颈1/3:拔除“牙折冠”,根管治疗后,龈切或牵引+冠修复 中1/3:复位固定3个月 尖1/3:观察或复位固定3个月 2014/8/6 chi 29

  30. Avulsion Replantation procedure Place the avulsed tooth in saline Examine the socket area Rinse the periodontal ligament and apical foramen with saline Flush the socket with saline Replant the tooth Splint the tooth for 1~2 weeks Antibiotic therapy T.A.T 2014/8/6 chi 30

  31. 牙完全脱位avulxion 再植术 复位固定1~2周 (无PDL者 6周) 氢氧化钙糊剂作暂时性根充 抗炎治疗:普鲁卡因青霉素 60~80万单位 2次/日 肌肉注射 TAT注射 2014/8/6 chi 31

  32. 牙完全脱位avulxion 再植术治疗要点 脱位牙的保存情况:牛奶、NS等 脱位牙的脱位时间: 30min  2hour  牙周膜的处理:保留与否 牙槽窝的处理:清除血凝块,NS冲洗 2014/8/6 chi 32

  33. 牙完全脱位avulxion 再植术治疗效果取决于 外伤牙的保存 湿润☻/干燥 外伤牙的脱位时间 30分钟以内:2年或更长,90%无牙根内吸收 2小时以外:95%牙根发生内吸收 2014/8/6 chi 33

  34. Concussion and Subluxation Occlusal relief(e.g. by selective grinding of opposing teeth) and a soft diet Immobilization of the involved teeth may be appropriate for patient comfort,2 weeks fixation 2014/8/6 chi 34

  35. 牙震荡/亚脱臼concusion/subluxution 概念 牙震荡:牙周lig内出血、水肿,完整,牙一般无松动 亚脱臼:牙周lig内出血、水肿,部分撕裂,牙一般有松动、伴龈沟出血 调合,软饮食(2周),一般不需要固定(若固定,应<2周) 2014/8/6 chi 35

  36. Extrusion Repositioning Fixation 2~3 weeks 2014/8/6 chi 36

  37. 牙 伸 长extrusion (局麻)复位固定2~3周 牙髓存活情况 牙根形成的:50%存活 牙根未形成的:90%以上存活 根管治疗时机:观察期间, X线检查一旦发现根尖牙根、牙槽骨有炎性吸收 2014/8/6 chi 37

  38. Lateral Luxation Local anesthetic Repositioning Fixation 3 weeks If radiographic examination reveals a temporary breakdown of the marginal bone,maintain fixation for up to 2 months 2014/8/6 chi 38

  39. 牙 侧 向 移 位lateral luxation (局麻下)复位固定3周 根管治疗时机:观察期间,X线检查一旦发现根尖牙根、牙槽骨有炎性吸收 2014/8/6 chi 39

  40. Intrusion Immature root formation Await spontaneous re-eruption,usually takes 2~4 months Monitor pulpal healing radiographically 3,4 and 6 weeks after injury Mature root formation Await spontaneous re-eruption or extrude orthodontically over a period of 2 ~3 weeks Extirpate the pulp 2 weeks after injury,using calcium hydroxide paste as an interim dressing 2014/8/6 chi 40

  41. 牙 嵌 入intrusion 诊断:病史、叩诊(metallic音)、X线检查 牙髓坏死率 牙根未形成:50% ± 牙根已形成:100% ± 牙根吸收 牙根未形成:58% ± 牙根已形成:70% ± 2014/8/6 chi 41

  42. 牙 嵌 入intrusion 牙根尚未形成:观察2~4月(再萌) 牙根已形成:观察(10天)和/或正畸牵引(2~3周)OR 外科拔牙复位+固定4周 氢氧化钙糊剂作暂时性根充 2014/8/6 chi 42

  43. Fracture of the Alveolar Process Local anesthetic Repositioning Fixation 3~4 weeks 2014/8/6 chi 43

  44. 牙槽骨骨折 局部的牙槽骨骨折 局麻下,复位固定(3~4周) 根尖锁住(Apical Lock) 2014/8/6 chi 44

  45. 软组织外伤 清创缝合 TAT注射 抗炎治疗 2014/8/6 chi 45

  46. 牙外伤常见的几种治疗方法 2014/8/6 chi 46

  47. 牙外伤常见的几种治疗方 法 复合树脂修复技术 (直接、间接)盖髓术 活髓切断术 根尖成行术 根管治疗术 (复位)固定术 2014/8/6 chi 47

  48. 活髓切断术 适应证:露髓比较多,时间比较长,估计牙髓炎症局限于冠髓或根髓的冠1/3以内 2014/8/6 chi 48

  49. 根尖成形术 适应证:根尖尚未形成,牙髓无法保留年轻恒牙 2014/8/6 chi 49

  50. 固定术fixation 类型:复合树脂钢丝夹板固定术 固定牙数:患牙数×2=健康牙数(两端分布) 固定位置:牙冠颈、中1/3交界处 固定时间:具体而定 固定的钢丝粗细:具体而定 2014/8/6 chi 50

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