Chapter 2 The planting of English America

1. Colonizing America– 1500-1733 Chapter 2The planting of English America

2. Chapter 1 – Review • Hernan Cortes conquest on Mexico defeated what Native group? - Aztecs • Mexico became the capital of what Spanish colony? - New Spain • The territory north of New Spain was called what? -New Mexico

3. Chapter 1 – Review (Continued) • King Francis of France wanted to find a northern route through North America to the Pacific Ocean which was referred to as this? -Northwest Passage • What industry of trade was the largest for the French? -Fur trading • Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette set off to explore this river? -Mississippi • The French in Louisiana were the first in the New World to import what? -African Slaves

4. Section 2 – English Colonies in America • Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America • Established 100 years after the first English explorers arrived • Cabot sailed after Columbus and was lost at sea – found no wealth during first voyage • English did not try to colonize America for another 80 years – no money and no compelling reason to migrate – Spain, an English ally already claimed America • During the late 1500s changes would lead England to America

5. Section 2 (Continued) - Reformation • Martin Luther – Protestant Reformation – expelled from Catholic church – Lutherans • John Calvin – congregations not monarchies should rule the Church -many early English settlers in America were Calvinists • Feud between King Henry and the Pope lead to an Anglican Church and a Catholic Church – Puritans tried to purify the Church of all of the Catholic elements – Puritans led by Queen Elizabeth I

6. Section 2 (Continued) - Reformation • Puritans still witnessed many Catholic elements and were not happy – King James I came along – upset Puritans ready to leave England

8. Section 2 (Continued) – Economic Changes in England • Sheep -> Enclosure Movement -> poor unemployed beggars • Surplus wool led to joint-stock companies -> pooled money of many investors • English merchants could afford to trade with and colonize other parts of the world without government financing

9. Section 2 (continued) – England Returns to America • Needed to find new wool markets -> routes through North America to Asia • New interest in America was also due to growing rivalry with Spain -> allies to enemies -> Protestant and Catholic • England’s new alliance with Dutch -> privateers

10. Section 2 (continued) – England Returns to America • English lacked bases for protection against Spain – led to several attempts to colonize N. America – Gilbert failed – Raleigh successful and knighted – named land Virginia after the queen and founded Roanoke

12. Section 2 (continued) – Roanoke? • 1585 Raleigh sent ~100 men to settle Roanoke – colonists returned to England – harsh winter • Tried again in 1587 – sent 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children – John White (Governor) sent back to England to get supplies • White returned in 1590 and everyone was GONE! Remains a MYSTERY!

15. Section 2 (continued) - Jamestown • James I approved the Virginia Company to plant colonies in Virginia - colony named after the king – near swamp land • Consisted of mostly townspeople – knew little about living in the woods – did not know how to handle livestock and grow crops – 344 men, only 53 alive by the end of the year • Captain John Smith became a leader and revived the colony with the help of Chief Powhatan

16. Section 2 (continued) - Jamestown • John Smith and the Powhatan Confederacy traded with each other which in turn helped Jamestown survive the harsh winter in 1607 • Smith went back to England -> 400 new settlers arrived to work -> not enough food -> stealing led to wars with Native Americans -> cannibalism • Tobacco saves the colony -> led by John Rolfe -> sold for a good price

18. Section 2 (continued) – Jamestown • Set up government -> each colonist obtained the right to elect its own assembly to propose laws • Elected representatives were called burgesses and the assembly was called the House of Burgessess • Headrights encouraged new settlers -> gave them 50 acres of land with purchase of their passage • By 1622, more than 4,500 settlers had arrived in Virginia -> alarmed Native Americans who attacked Jamestown – 350 dead – Charter withdrawn and Jamestown became a royal colony run by a king-appointed governor

19. Section 2 (continued) – Maryland • Founded by George Calvert – Lord Baltimore • Founded with the idea to be used as an escape from Catholic persecution in England • Maryland became England’s first proprietary colony -> owned by an individual who essentially had the same power as the king.

21. Section 3 – New England • Group of Puritans called Separatists (later known as Pilgrims) broke away from the Anglican Church, faced persecution and decided to come to America. • Mayflower set sail in 1620 -> 102 Passengers -> took 65 days • Ended up in Plymouth on the Massachusetts Bay

22. Section 3 (continued) – Plymouth Colony • Leader -> William Bradford • Plague swept sparing only 50 people • Help from Squanto -> how to set corn, where to fish, and how to obtain many commodities • The Pilgrims (signed treaty) and the Wampanoag people celebrated for three days –> first Thanksgiving

23. Section 3 (continued) - Massachusetts • John Winthrop – Massachusetts Bay Company -> received a royal charter in 1629 to create a colony in New England • Winthrop decided to make Massachusetts a refuge for Puritans -> 900 settlers set sail in eleven ships • By end of year another 1,000 settlers came – Boston founded – Great Migration – 1643 -> 20,000 settlers in New England

24. Section 3 (continued) – Massachusetts • Governed by a General Court -> freeman who owned stock in the company • John Winthrop – first governor – ignored charter and made rules himself with his assistants -> restricted freemans power for four years until they demanded to see charter -> General Court took power • Winthrop believed the government should help the church – laws passed requiring everyone to go to church • Heretics threatened the community -> beliefs differed from the majority

26. Section 3 (continued) – Rhode Island • Roger Williams -> viewed as a threat in Puritan settlements, kicked out, started his own colony – Providence • Accepted all kinds of religious views -> government had no authority in religious matters • More people banished for having dissenting views – founded Portsmouth (Anne Hutchinson), Newport, and Warwick • Colony of Rhode Island -> separation between church and state

27. Section 3 (continued) - Connecticut • Founded by Reverend Hooker -> wanted more land for his congregation and wanted everyone to be allowed to vote (not just church members) • Adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – first written constitution of the American colonies

28. Section 3 (continued) – New Hampshire and Maine • Other towns established north of Massachusetts – consisting of a lot of fishers and fur traders • New Hampshire – established as a royal colony • Maine was part of Massachusetts until 1820

30. Section 4 – Middle and Southern Colonies • English Civil War was being fought between Parliament and the Puritans in England • Due to the war, the colonies in America chose sides • Some populations declined due to Puritans returning home to fight in the war • Charles I -> “Restoration” -> new wave of colonization

31. Section 4 (continued)– New York • Henry Hudson discovered the Hudson River • Dutch sold the land in “New Netherland” to many types of immigrants -> imported slaves from Africa • Charles II ordered warships to take New Netherland from the Dutch and rename it New York – offered land grants and religious freedom – Puritans

32. Section 4 (continued) – Pennsylvania • Founded by William Penn -> settled by Quakers • Quakers advocated “pacifism” – opposition to war and violence • “Holy Experiment” • 1684 – over 7,000 colonists and by 1700 Philadelphia rivaled Boston and New York as a center for trade and commerce • William Penn later bought 3 counties which later became Delaware

34. Section 4 (continued) – North Carolina • Carolina’s are named after King Charles • North had a small, scattered population • Grew slowly due to lack of a harbor -> began growing tobacco and exporting naval supplies -> population increased

35. Section 4 (continued) – South Carolina • Was most interesting to people -> ability to grow sugarcane • Charles Town (Charleston) – Named after King Charles • Exported deer skin and captured Native Americans to ship them to the Caribbean to became slaves

36. Section 4 (continued) - Georgia • Named after King George -> suggested by James Oglethorpe • A place where imprisoned people due to debt was sent to start their lives over • 1751 – Royal Colony

37. Section 4 (continued) – England’s American Colonies • By 1775 – population of 2.5 million people • English success would become its undoing • People became used to self-government and would later rebel against England to form the United States of America