1 / 37

03_00-CS.JPG

Ch. 3 Policy. 03_00-CS.JPG. 03_01b.JPG. 03_00CO.JPG. 03_01t.jpg. Downstream. 03_T01.JPG. Policy refers to a formal set of plans intended to address problems and decision making Public policy is made by government (laws, regulations, orders, incentives). Policy Input

janet
Download Presentation

03_00-CS.JPG

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Ch. 3 Policy 03_00-CS.JPG

  2. 03_01b.JPG

  3. 03_00CO.JPG

  4. 03_01t.jpg

  5. Downstream

  6. 03_T01.JPG

  7. Policy refers to a formal set of plans intended to address problems and decision making • Public policy is made by government (laws, regulations, orders, incentives)

  8. Policy Input • Science: information and analysis • Ethics & Economics: criteria to assess extent/nature of problem • Government: intersects with citizens, organizations, private sector to find solutions

  9. Environmental policy aims to protect environmental quality AND to protect equity in use of resources • Protects commons • Prevents “free riders” with law, regulations, or taxing • Addresses external costs borne by those other than buyers/sellers

  10. 03_02.JPG Policy plays central role in how we address environmental problems. How are policies established?

  11. Example: Tijuana River • Science: • sewage produces pathogens/hypoxia • Ethics/Economics: • Beach closures, • $ losses from recreation/tourism • Those downstream suffer • Government: • Tijuana River Valley Estuary and Beach Cleanup Act • Funds for sewage treatment

  12. 03_05.JPG “4th branch” of government

  13. Factors Hindering Environmental Policy • Perception: overly restrictive • Costs to developers: permits, monitoring, oversight • Gradual development of most environmental policy or “frog in pot” ++

  14. Policy process influenced by lobbyists, campaign contributions, revolving door • Policy Approaches • Command and Control: • Most common • Rules and punishment

  15. Alternatives to C and C • Subsidies • Government gift of cash/resources to encourage activity seen as beneficial • Controversial – for example the General Mining Law of 1872 allows up to $1 billion of minerals to be extracted from public land without royalties to taxpayers • Green Scissors Report (p. 9) claims that in 2003 $58 billion subsidies provided for 68 activities that harmed the environment

  16. Green Taxes – help to internalize external costs Ex. EU taxes on energy • Tax incentives • encourage resource conservation

  17. Permit Trading or “Cap and Trade” • Government creates market in permits • Issues permits to companies who may buy, sell, or trade them • Company that reduces its pollution may sell its credit to another • NGOs may buy and “retire” credits • “hot spots” of pollution - criticism

  18. Environmental Defense Fund – proponents of cap and trade • Program resulted from amendments to Clean Air Act in 1990 • 35% reductions in SO2 by 2005

  19. 03_20.JPG

  20. 03_21.JPG

  21. Waves of legislation • 1. Early – through late 1800’s – promoted settlement and use of resources • Ex. Homestead Act 1862 – if one lives, cultivates, builds on federal land for 5 years – 160 acres becomes their property

  22. Waves of legislation • 1. Early – through late 1800’s – promoted settlement and use of resources 03_07a.jpg

  23. 2nd wave of legislation - Late 1800’s through early 1900’s • Shift toward mitigation of impacts caused by first • Creation of national parks, forest preserves, wildlife refuges 03_07b.jpg

  24. 03_07c.JPG

  25. 3rd wave - Mid to late 20th century • responded to pollution resulting from prosperity • Prompting Events: • Silent Spring • Cuyahoga River Fires • Santa Barbara Oil Spill 1969 • Result: today air, water cleaner 03_08.JPG

  26. 03_09.JPG Cuyahoga River caught fire several times in 50’s and 60’s

  27. Social Context 60s and 70s -evidence of widespread environmental problems -could visualize policies and solutions -supportive leaders Changed in 80s – perception that env. laws hurt business 03_10a.jpg

  28. 03_16.JPG

  29. 1970 – Dawn of Modern Era of Environmental Policy • Jan 1, 1970 Nixon signed NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act • Created Council on Environmental Quality – evolved into the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) • Required Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)

  30. 03_11.JPG

  31. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) • Filed for any major action that involved federal funding ex. Dam, highway, building • Include: • Nature of proposal and need • Environmental impacts of proposal – short-term and long-term • Alternatives to reduce adverse effects

  32. 03_SSB02-T01.JPG

  33. International Policy • United Nations – UN Environmental Programme • European Union: can sign treaties on behalf of 27 member nations – same authority as national law • NGOs – nongovernmental organizations • Nature Conservancy, Greenpeace, Conservational International, Sierra Club • WTO – World Trade Organization : represents multinational corporations • World Bank – loans to poor countries for major projects including dams

  34. Montreal Protocol summary– 1987 • 160 nations agreed to reduce ozone depleting chemicals • Most successful environmental treaty thus far • Montreal Protocol video • What factors contributed to its success?

More Related