Universität Hildesheim Sommersemester 2003 Seminar: Communication in Organizations Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke Topic: Histo

1. Universität Hildesheim Sommersemester 2003 Seminar: Communication in Organizations Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke Topic: History and Development of Organizations Doreen Ludwig, Vanessa Möller Dienstag, 29. April 2003

2. Structure • Introduction • Definitions • Characteristics of Organisations • Importance of Organisations • Industrialization • Rationalization of Bureaucracy • Taylorism • Change Factors • Organizations as Systems • Structural and Contextual Dimensions • Cox‘s Models • Conclusion • Literature

3. What are organizations and how do they affect us? Source: Banner, D.K./ Gagné, Elaine,T. (1995): Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional and Transformational Views. Page 1

4. „Our society is an organizational society. We are born in organizations, educated by organizations and most of us spend most of our lives working for organizations. We spend much of our leisure time paying, playing and praying in organizations. Most of us will die in an organization and when the time comes for burial, the largest organization of all – the state – must grant official permission.” Etzioni, 1970 Source: Morgan, Glenn (1992): Organizations in Society. Page 1

5. Definition Max Weber An organization is a system of legitimate interaction patterns among organizational members as they engage in activities in the pursuit of goals. Source: Banner, D.K./ Gagné, Elaine,T. (1995): Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional and Transformational Views. Page 5 Source: BpB (1996): Informationen zur politischen Bildung: Interessenverbände, Page 41

6. Definition Richard Scott Organizations are defined as collectives… that have been established for the pursuit of relatively specific objectives on a more or less continuous basis. It should be clear… however, that organizations have distinctive features other than goal specificity and continuity. These (features) include relatively fixed boundaries, a normative order, authority ranks, a communication system and an incentive system which enables various types of participants to work together in the pursuit of common goals (of the organization). Source: Banner, D.K./ Gagné, Elaine,T. (1995): Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional and Transformational Views. Page 5

7. Definition Richard Hall An organization is a collectivity with a relatively identifiable boundary, a normative order, ranks of authority, communications systems, and member coordinating systems; this collectivity exists on a relatively continuous basis in an environment and engages in activities that are usually related to a goal or a set of goals. Source: Banner, D.K./ Gagné, Elaine,T. (1995): Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional and Transformational Views. Page 6

8. Characteristics of Organizations • Goal Direction • Identifiable Boundary • Social Interaction • Structured Acitivity System • Culture

9. Importance of Organizations • coordination of resources, working to attain certain goals • efficient production of goods and services • looking for innovations • accommodate to and influence a changing environment • use new technology • create value owners, customers, and employees • consider changes of ethics, career pattern, and motivation and coordiantion of employees

10. Industrialization Before: • no use of the word organization • traditional craft After: • development of bigger companies • division of labour Automation, Computerization – second and third industrialization???

11. Max Weber: Rationalization of Bureaucracy I Born 1864 in Erfurt, died 1920 in Munich, studied law, social scientist. Rationalization of bureaucracy: increasing predictability and control of problems through science, technology and organisation. • Fixed Salary • Contract • Qualification • Full-time Job

12. Max Weber: Rationalization of Bureaucracy II • fixed times at fixed places, e.g. the office • no ownership of the property of the company • similar discipline and control • job descriptions are general and independent of persons = members are replaceable • division of labour • no creativity = The efficiency of the bureaucracy is founded on its kind of machinery.

13. Frederick W. Taylor: Taylorism Born 1856, died 1915 in the U.S.A., worker in a steel-company, engineer, consulting engineer, scientist, founder of the ‚scientific management‘. • Separation in brainwork and manual work • Workload and bonus • Selection and adaptation of the work-force • Abolition of conflicts between employees and employer • Efficiency craze

14. Change Factors Factors from within the organizations: • Organization‘s Technical Production System • Organization‘s Political Processes • Organization‘s Culture Factors from outside the organization: • Immediate Environment • General Environment

15. Organizations as Systems I Source. Daft, Richard L. (1997): Organization Theory and Design. Page 13

16. Organizations as Systems II Closed System: • in reality cannot exist • no interaction with the environment Open System: • linked to the environment • consumption of resources and exportation of resources or products to the environment • adaptation to the environment

17. Organizations as Systems III Subsystems: • organization has several subsystems • Boundary spanning - responsible for input and output transaction • Production - of the product and services outputs • Maintenance - upkeep of the organization • Adaptation - change of the organization • Management - direction and coordination of the other subsystems

18. Structural and Contextual Dimensions of Organizations Source: Daft, Richard L. (1997): Organization Theory and Design. Page 16

19. Cox‘s Models • Monolithic Organization • ‚Old‘ type of organizations? • Plural Organization • Internationality becomes more and more important • Multicultural Organization • Model of the future?

20. Conclusion Source: Banner, D.K./ Gagné, Elaine,T. (1995): Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional and TransformationalViews. Page 8

21. Literature Banner, David K.; Gagné, Elaine T. (1995): Designing Effective Organizations: Traditional and Transformational Views. Sage Publications, London/New Dehli. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (BpB) (1996): Informationen zur politischen Bildung: Interessenverbände. Bruckmann, München. Daft, Richard L. (1997): Organization Theory and Design. South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio. Francesco, Anne Marie; Gold Barry Allen (1998): International Organizational Behavior: Text, Readings, Cases, and Skills. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Kieser, Alfred (Hrsg.) (1993): Organisationstheorien. W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart. Morgan, Glenn (1992): Organizations in Society. The Macmillan Press Ltd., London.