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Chapter 21

Chapter 21 . Review and Discussion. Islam Penetrates Europe. The Ottoman Empire. Ottoman and Safavid Empires 1453–1629. 5. The End of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople.

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Chapter 21

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  1. Chapter 21 Review and Discussion

  2. Islam Penetrates Europe

  3. The Ottoman Empire

  4. Ottoman and Safavid Empires 1453–1629 5

  5. The End of the Byzantine Empire • The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople. • renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

  6. Ottoman Empire beginning around 1300 • Reason for expansion • the shrewdness of the Ottoman founder Osman and his descendants • the control of the link between Europe and Asia • the creation of an army that combined the traditional skills of the Turkish horseman with new technologies, particularly firearms. • Ottomans slowly expanded their rule across the region • Brought at end to the Byzantine after capturing Constantinople in 1453 • Became the longest lasting post-Mongol Muslim Empire • The conquests of Egypt, Syria, and other areas followed. • Trade wars with Venice in the 15th century • pointed to the economic importance of the Ottoman trade empire in the Mediterranean. • Balanced military • Possessed a) a galley-equipped navy manned by Greek, Turkish, Algerian, and Tunisian sailors, b) a light cavalry (armed with bows) and c) foot soldiers, or Janissaries (Christian Prisoners of war equipped with firearms) • Land Grant System • gave control and power to the cavalrymen, who dispensed justice, raised taxes, and fought in the military.

  7. Suleiman • Ottoman Empire’s Golden Age • “Suleiman the Magnificent” to Westerners • “The Lawgiver” to his own people

  8. The Ottoman Empire and Suleiman GOVERNMENT ARTS SOCIETY Poets produced works in the Turkish language. Painters produced detailed miniatures and illuminated manuscripts. The royal architect Sinan designed magnificent mosques and palaces. Society was divided into four classes, with “men of the pen” and “men of the sword” at the top. Non-Muslims were organized into millets, or religious communities. Suleiman had absolute power. Ottoman law was based on Sharia. The Ottomans recruited government and military officers from conquered people.

  9. The Mughal Empire (1526-1761) Illustration from a Mughal Manuscript

  10. The Origins of Mughal Empire • The Mughals descended from Mongol stock in Turkestan. They were, however, quite distant from their original ancestors. The Mughals were Muslim, for the Middle Eastern Mongol invaders had converted to Islam long before. They had also thoroughly absorbed Middle Eastern culture, especially Persian culture (the Persian word for Mongol is “Mughal”)and their wars of invasion spread Persian culture throughout India.

  11. A. Political Foundations • The founder of the Mughal dynasty was Babur, who ruled from 1483 to 1530. • Attacked and defeated the Dehli Sultanate in 1526.

  12. Mughal Empire • India (Mughal) • was first and foremost a Hindu land, although controlled by a Muslim minority. • Because India was geographically far from the Islamic homelands, distance lessened Muslim dominance and power. • Centuries of separation and seclusion had consolidated Hindu culture, which did not easily adapt to Islam. • The Mughals—their name taken from the Persian word for Mongol—also patterned many of their institutions after their Mongol forebears. • Militarily (Mughal) • were more concerned with the sea than the Ottomans or Safavids, and had closer links to the vast Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian trade network. • had others fight most of their sea battles for them • Religion • Differences between Muslim and Hindu were the defining factor. • The most successful of the Mughal emperors, Akbar, overcame those differences by marrying into a Hindu family, elimination of tax on non-Muslims and effecting a reconciliation between the two groups.

  13. Expanded boundaries through war.

  14. Akbar, r. 1556-1605 • The most successful of the Mughal emperors • Promoted religious tolerance • marrying into a Hindu family, eliminated a tax on non-Muslims and effecting a reconciliation between the Hindu and Muslims

  15. Millennium Video Clip • Akbar strives for Social Harmony.

  16. Art flourishes, especially miniature paintings . . .

  17. Afghans • Regional powers challenge Mughal authority

  18. Hinduism and Islam Clash and Blend

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