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Mapping the Economic Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs

Mapping the Economic Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs. Kathie L. Court, PhD Fellow, Institute for Social Innovation Fielding Graduate University June 2013. This research was supported in part by a scholarship from Human and Organization Development, Fielding Graduate University .

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Mapping the Economic Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs

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  1. Mapping the Economic Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs Kathie L. Court, PhD Fellow, Institute for Social Innovation Fielding Graduate University June 2013 This research was supported in part by a scholarship from Human and Organization Development, Fielding Graduate University.

  2. *2007 Survey of Business Owners Summaries of Findings - Survey of Business Owners - Women-owned Firms: 2007

  3. Purpose of Study • to discover and describe the economic contribution of businesses established by women entrepreneurs who graduated from Microenterprise Assistance Programs (MEPs) • to seek new ways in which the contribution of one group of women entrepreneurs might be demonstrated • to develop new questions or hypotheses

  4. Significance of Study • Changes the nature of questions asked about women entrepreneurs and the methodology used to answer them • Is a source of data to sustain and increase financial support for Microenterprise Assistance Programs.

  5. Theoretical Perspective • 1961 – Chinitz – New York ‘s Culture of Entrepreneurship • 1973- Schmacher – Importance of small business ownership • 2008 – Mitchell – economic development powered by entrepreneurship • 2010 – Glaeser et al – lack of scholarly literature to support entrepreneurs’ contribution to economic well-being

  6. Theoretical Perspective (cont.) • 2002 – Prahalad and Hammond – pyramid approach to marketing to the poor • 2005 – Smith – indicators of a successful business not taken into account

  7. Economic Geography • Schweitzer et al. (2009) - network topology may illuminate more than a standard statistical economic approach • Krugman (1995) - Economic geographers create “schematic descriptions of the data” • Harvey (2008) - “maps and geographic information are essential to how we know the world”

  8. Methods Similar to : • Audretsch et al. (2006) – examined the spatial distribution of entrepreneurial capital • Welter and Trettin (2006) – depicted the network structures that supported women entrepreneurship • Li and Mitchell (2009) examined geographical distribution of Chinese industrial enterprises

  9. Low Resource Women Graduates 1991-2009 This map illustrates the location of over 900 low resource women graduates who participated from 1991 to 2009. Of these graduates, at the time they graduated, 62% lived within the City of Baltimore. Their training was funded by federal government grants

  10. Laid-off Women Graduates 1999-2009 This map illustrates the location of over 600 laid off women graduated from the MEP’s program from 1999 to 2009. The fact that their training was a state-funded program may explain the distribution of graduates throughout the state of Maryland.

  11. Business Expenses • Are payments made to establish and support the business • Insert money into a community’s economic system that influences that system downstream • Were aggregated by zip code of the entity that received the payment

  12. Distribution of Payments

  13. Conclusions and Next Steps • Economic contribution of women entrepreneurs can be mapped using their business expenses • How might the results be different with another group of entrepreneurs? • How might policymakers use this methodology to examine business development programs?

  14. I welcome any questions or commentsat:kcourt@email.fielding.edu

  15. References 2007 Survey of Business Owners summaries of findings - Survey of Business Owners - women-owned firms: 2007. (2012, November 16). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from http://www.census.gov/econ/sbo/getsof.html?07women Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. C., & Lehmann, E. E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and economic growth. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Glaeser, E., Rosenthal, S., & Strange, W. (2010). Urban economics and entrepreneurship. Journal of Urban Economics, 67(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2009.10.005 Glaeser, E. L. (2000). The new economics of urban and regional growth. In G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman & M. Gertler (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of economic geography (pp. 83-98). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

  16. References (cont.) Grameen America's impact. (2013). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from http://grameenamerica.org/impact Harvey, F. (2008). A primer of GIS: Fundamental geographic and cartographic concepts. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Krugman, P. (1995). Development, geography, and economic theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Li, X., & Mitchell, R. K. (2009). The Pace and Stability of Small Enterprise Innovation in Highly Dynamic Economies: A China-Based Template. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(3), 370-397. Lowrey, Y. (2006). Women in business: A demographic review of women's business ownership. Washington, DC: U.S. Small Business Administration.

  17. References (cont.) Lowrey, Y., & Tobias, K. (2011). Developments in women-owned business, 1997-2007. Washington, DC. Lowrey, Y. L. (2004). Business density, entrepreneurship and economic well-being. SSRN eLibrary. Mitchell, R. K. (2008, January). Entrepreneurial cognition research and economic development. Paper presented at the USASBE, San Antonio, TX. Prahalad, C. K., & Hammond, A. (2002). Serving the world's poor, profitably. Harvard Business Review, 80(9), 48-57. Retrieved from https://fgul.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/227812122?accountid=10868

  18. References (cont.) Sanders, C. K. (2002). The impact of microenterprise assistance programs: A comparative study of program participants, nonparticipants, and other low-wage workers. Social Service Review, 76(2), 321-340. Schweitzer, F., Fagiolo, G., Sornette, D., Vega-Redondo, F., Vespignani, A., & White, D. R. (2009). Economic networks: The new challenges. Science, 325(5939), 422-425. doi: 10.1126/science.1173644 Slocum, T. A., McMaster, R. B., Kessler, F. C., & Howard, H. H. (2009). Thematic cartography and geovisualization (3rd International ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

  19. References (cont.) Smith, C. A. (2005). Market women: Black women entrepreneurs: Past, present, and future. Westport, CT: Praeger. Welter, F., & Trettin, L. (2006). The spatial embeddedness of networks for women entrepreneurs. In M. Fritsch & J. Schmude (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in the region (pp. 35-59). New York, NY: Springer. Yeung, H. W.-c. (2009). Transnationalizing entrepreneurship: A critical agenda for economic geography. Progress in Human Geography, 33(2), 210-235. doi: 10.1177/0309132508096032

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