Design, Simulation, Testing, Management of Optical Networks

1. Design, Simulation, Testing, Management of Optical Networks Jeff Verrant

2. New Optical TechnologiesDesign Considerations • UltraFEC • Raman / VGA • Gain Flattening • DCM • Tunable Lightpaths • Optical Switching

3. 1E-0 1 0.1 0.01 3 1 10 4 1 10 1E-5 5 1 10 6 1 10 7 1 10 8 1 10 9 1 10 1E-10 10 1 10 Bit Error Rate Bit Error Ratio (BER) 11 1 10 12 1 10 13 1 10 14 1 10 1E-15 15 1 10 16 1 10 17 1 10 18 1 10 19 1 10 20 1 10 21 1 10 22 1 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Ratio of Bit Energy to Noise Power (db) uncoded Signal to Noise Ratio (dB) coded (31,27) coded (255,241) 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 BER Improvement Using 10G FEC • Uncoded • 9.953 Gb/s • 1E-15 BER @ 25 dB SNR • FEC • 10.66 Gb/s (overhead = 7%) • 1E-15 BER @ 19 dB SNR • FEC Gain = 6dB • SNR equivalent to 1E-4 BER uncoded • Ultra-FECTM • 10.66 Gb/s (overhead = 7%) • 1E-15 BER @ 17 dB SNR • FEC Gain = 8dB • SNR equivalent to 1E-4 BER uncoded

4. Raman Amplifier • Deployed on an as-needed basis to augment ILAs (optional) • Provides additional gain for high-loss spans • Uses the transmission fiber as a gain medium • Enables lower launch power • Improves OSNR characteristic • Minimizes non-linear effects Amplified Spontaneous Emissions Amplified Spontaneous Emissions Transmission Fiber Amplified Signal Weak Signal pump signal output pump signal input Increased OSNR margin can be used for more channels or more distance

5. Spectral Flattening Input Downstream Optical Tap Amp EQ Pout Pin Output l l Amp MON Communication Channel

6. Fiber Dispersion – an Extended View

7. Band4 Band5 Band6 Slope issues Target Range

8. Better Slope Compensation for ULH • Better Dispersion Slope Compensation • Correct edge band dispersion • Better overall dispersion control • Less band level DCM • Manage XPM and SPM

9. 10 Gb/s U-FEC XCVR • Supports 25GHz and 50GHz channel spacing • Up to 160-192 channel system capacity in the C-Band • Works in UHD or ULH Applications • UHD utilizes 25GHz spacing to maximize system capacity • ULH utilizes 50GHz spacing to optimize transmission distance • Supports SR-2 (25km) and SR-1 (2km) client-side applications

10. DWDM Optics On Switch Integrated Control Plane GMPLS / O-UNI / NNI Myrinet Myrinet Tx Rx Dynamic Optical Switching Application Networking Enabled by Tunable Wavelengths Ch X Ch Y Cluster Storage Array Cluster Ch X Ch Y HPC Applications Ch X HPC Applications Ch Y 10G tunable TCVR AWG

11. Optimal Hybrid Switching Evolution Client Interfaces O-E-O OXC Switch / Router l Electronic Grooming Fabric WDM Termination Integrated WDM Tunable Optics 2.5G 10G 40G LH ULH WDM Ring Mesh All-Optical Express / Switching Fabric OADM or O-O Switch Combine ElectronicandOpticalSwitch Fabrics to achieve Optimum Hybrid Switching Solution

12. Optical Transmission SystemsCore DWDM Key Requirements • Systems should support all applications • Gain Flattened EDFA, FEC, Raman, and allow Transport Systems to handle links up to 3600km • Systems support for NDSF, NZDSF, and DSF fibres • 2.5Gbps, 10Gbps and 40Gbps • Flexible Channel Spacing, 50GHz (for 2000km+) & 25GHz (up to 1600km) • C band w/ L-Band Upgrade when required • Special technologies used only where needed • Flexible (100%) Add/Drop Capability at Intermediate Sites • Flexible Interfaces, SDH, GbE, 10GbE DWDM Terminal DWDM Terminal Optical Add/Drop AMP AMP AMP AMP Active Spectral Control Capable of handling data rates 40G 3600 km, 80x10Gb/s NRZ @ 50 GHz 10G 2000 km, 160x10Gb/s NRZ @ 25 GHz 2.5G Power (dBm) OADM Nodes Up to 1600 km, 40x40Gb/s CS-RZ @ 100 GHz or 192x10Gb/s NRZ @ 25 GHz Wavelength Channel Counts are C-Band only.

13. Fiber input/output Diffraction grating l1… lN l1 li Collimating Lens lN MEMS mirror array or diffractive MEMS or LC array Degree-2 Optical Switch (S-OADM) Degree-2 Functional Operation • Drop any channel from incident optical spectrum • Single channel drop, or • Drop any N wavelengths of arbitrary frequency, or • Drop any N wavelengths with sequential frequencies • Avoids stranded bandwidth concern associated with ‘fixed band’ OADM design Select- OADM Drop Add RBF Principle of Operation Sample Data ‘10100110011111’ wavelength pattern continuous passband LC Array enables continuous passband continuous stopband

14. The BOE Design Method for Optical Networks

15. Long Haul Design Tools

16. Metro Optical Network Design – The Most Difficult! • Subnetwork Topology Definition • Actual and Planned Service Design • Protected/Unprotected Services • Automatic/Manual Route Selection • Equipment Optimization & Layout • Placement of Amps, DCF • ‘What if’ scenario’s • Full Physical Network Simulation • Automated Link Budget Calculation BOL, EOL, Normal, Power, OSNR, Dispersion, Jitter, Gain Tilt, Dynamic Power Equalization,... • Span and Node Failure Analysis • Graphical Plots of Optical Signal Quality • Equipment Ordering Reports • Visio connection diagrams • Data Import/Export Functionality

17. End to End Network Management Metro Access Metro Core Long Haul Core Integrated OS Core Switch OADM Metro DWDM Metro DWDM 2.5G OADM ULH DWDM Edge Core Switch MetroSwitch OADM ULH DWDM LH DWDM End to End Network Management

18. Complete Software Family Planning, Installation, and Management Network Diverse Systems Customer OSS Manage Services across Multi-Vendor Networks CORBA Multi-Ring Network Manager Network Manage 100's of NEs in multiple subnetworks Subnetwork Craft Interface GUI Access and manage a single subnetwork from an NT laptop Network Element Automatic Installation Engine Import Network Design data for efficient NE turn-up and provisioning Network OS Embedded Subnetwork Management and Automation file Network Design

19. Optical Network Operating System • End-to-End Wavelength Management with Dynamic Power Control • Fast, On-Demand Service Provisioning • Standards-based Interfaces • Embedded sub-network management • Full FCAPS coverage • Fault • Configuration • Performance • Security • Redundancy and High-availability • Resource management and diagnostics