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Goals of Research

Goals of Research. Description  Collecting systematic observations Prediction  Establish relationships among variables  Correlational research Explanation  Establish cause and effect relationships  Experiments Intervention  Address a real-life problem  Program Evaluation.

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Goals of Research

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  1. Goals of Research • Description  Collecting systematic observations • Prediction  Establish relationships among variables  Correlational research • Explanation  Establish cause and effect relationships  Experiments • Intervention  Address a real-life problem  Program Evaluation

  2. Naturalistic Observation • Learning about behavior in a real-life setting • Observation without intervention vs. • Observation with intervention

  3. Observation without Intervention • Situation not controlled by the researcher • Situation not created by the researcher

  4. Advantages of Naturalistic Observation • Ecological Validity • External Validity • Can observe behaviors in situations it might be unethical to create

  5. Threats to Observational Research • Reactivity • Ex. The Hawthorne Effect (Homans, 1965)

  6. Social Roles of Participants Weber & Cook (1972) • Good Subject Role • Faithful Subject Role • Negativistic Subject Role • Apprehensive Subject Role

  7. Avoiding Reactivity • Unobtrusive Observation • Deception • Directing the subject’s expectations away from the true purpose of the study • Subject is blind about their role • Double-blind study

  8. Data Collection in Observational Studies • Narrative Record • Videotape and audio recordings • Quantitative measures of behavior

  9. Quantitative Measures • Sampling • Representative samples • Methods of sampling • Time sampling • Event sampling • Situation sampling

  10. Recording Quantitative Data • Coding

  11. Observation with Intervention • To cause an event that occurs infrequently or that occurs under conditions that make it difficult to observe. • To investigate the limits of a response by varying the stimulus conditions • To arrange the situations so that conditions can be controlled and consequent behaviors can be easily observed.

  12. Types of Observation with Intervention • Participant Observation • Disguised • Undisguised • Structured Observation • Field Experiment

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