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抑癌基因 Rb 及 p16 在人類食道癌腫瘤組織及細胞株中表現度之研究

抑癌基因 Rb 及 p16 在人類食道癌腫瘤組織及細胞株中表現度之研究.

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抑癌基因 Rb 及 p16 在人類食道癌腫瘤組織及細胞株中表現度之研究

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  1. 抑癌基因Rb及p16在人類食道癌腫瘤組織及細胞株中表現度之研究抑癌基因Rb及p16在人類食道癌腫瘤組織及細胞株中表現度之研究 • 食道癌在台灣地區的十大癌症死亡原因中為第十位,在台灣地區男性的十大癌症死亡原因中更為第五位。食道癌在分子生物方面,已有相當多的定性實驗數據,包括在抑癌基因p53、APC、MCC上,均發現有變異發生。抑癌基因(tumor suppressor gene)在正常細胞中可經由負面的生長調控機轉,達到抑制細胞生長的目的。當這些基因發生點突變(pointmutation)、重組(rearrangement)、缺失(deletion),或插入(insertion),而導致其蛋白質喪失正常功能,便可能造成細胞不受控制地生長而逐漸變成癌細胞。Rb抑癌基因(Retinoblastoma gene)和p16抑癌基因(p16INK4A/CDKN2/MTS-1 gene)均為目前最被人所熟知的抑癌基因之一。Rb抑癌基因的蛋白質產物被認為具有可限制細胞增殖的能力,因其可在細胞週期時鐘和轉錄機轉之間,扮演著訊息傳送的角色,控制許多基因的表現,進而控制細胞進入生長週期的下一個階段與否。D typeCyclin/ CDK4, 6 complex具有使Rb蛋白質磷酸化,使其失去在細胞週期的G1 phase中限制細胞增殖的活性。p16抑癌基因的蛋白質產物則可和CDK4及CDK6結合,進而抑制Cyclin/CDK complexes使Rb磷酸化的活性。食道癌是目前世界上相當普遍的癌症之一,在台灣地區十大癌症死亡原因中為第十位,在男性十大癌症死亡原因中更為第五位。為了瞭解在食道癌中Rb抑癌基因與p16抑癌基因變異的情形及彼此間的相互關係,我們搜集了五個人類食道癌細胞株-CE48T/VGH、CE81T/VGH、CE146T/ VGH、TE2、HCE6,及十三位食道癌病人外科手術切除的正常食道黏膜組織及癌組織,來研究在食道癌中Rb基因的轉錄因子結合部位(A / B口袋區)和p16基因的變化。結果發現,在Rb基因部分,以單股結構多形性法(SSCP, SingleStrand Conformational Polymorphism)篩檢的結果,發現十三個不同食道癌病人的組織cDNA中,有一個在cDNA的2136位置的T變異成為A,造成stop codon的TGA,和另一個在cDNA的1337至1445位置上有缺失(deletion);但在五個食道癌細胞株方面則沒有變化。而以西方墨點法(Western Blotting)偵測其蛋白質表現度,發現在五個細胞株中均有表現出Rb蛋白質,而十個食道癌組織中(有三個組織未取得蛋白質),有七個表現出Rb蛋白質,而另外三個未表現出蛋白質者,則包括了一個在轉錄因子結合部位有發生變異的組織。在p16基因方面,以聚合酵素鏈鎖反應(PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction)分析基因組DNA(genomic DNA)的表現和被甲基化(methylation)的狀況,發現在五個細胞株中,CE48T/VGH、CE81T/VGH、HCE6有發生變異或有小部分的缺失,CE146T/VGH被甲基化,TE2有同種接合子型缺失(homozygous deletion),所以,這五株食道癌細胞株的p16基因的基因組DNA均已產生變異。而在十三個食道癌組織的基因組DNA中,則發現在四個有發生變異(30.8 %),其中包括兩個發生點突變或小段的缺失,一個被甲基化,一個有同種接合子型缺失。而在RNA方面,利用反轉錄反應(Reverse Transcription)及套疊聚合酵素鏈鎖反應(Nested Polymerase Chain Reactio, NPCR)研究以上各細胞株及食道癌病人正常及癌組織RNA的結果,發現五個細胞株中,除了HCE6仍有完整的p16基因的cDNA外,146T/VGH、TE2未表現出p16抑癌基因的cDNA(在基因組即已被甲基化或同種接合子型缺失),CE48T/VGH、CE81T/VGH細胞株則有異種接合子型缺失(heterozygous deletion);而在食道癌組織的cDNA方面,在十三個組織中,有六個表現出完整的p16基因的cDNA,有二個未表現出p16基因的cDNA(在基因組DNA即已被甲基化或同種接合子型缺失),三個有異種接合子型缺失;一個有同種接合子型缺失,和一個有介入子插入(intron insertion)。在p16蛋白質的表現方面,利用免子抗體對抗p16蛋白質片段(對抗的區域為p16蛋白質上第4--13個氨基酸,第103--114個氨基酸,和第137--156個氨基酸。)血清進行西方墨點法分析,結果發現五株食道癌細胞株均無p16蛋白質的表現,而十個食道癌組織中(有三個組織未取得蛋白質),五個有表現出完整p16抑癌基因的cDNA亦均有表現出蛋白質,另外一個在RNA有異種接合子型缺失的組織中,p16蛋白質則有大量表現的現象。總而言之,我們的研究結果顯示p16基因的變異在食道癌的演化中扮演了重要的角色;至於Rb基因在和轉錄因子結合區的DNA序列變異的機率很低,故其在食道癌中所扮演的角色,尚待進一步的研究才能證實。

  2. Characterization of Tumor Suppressor Genes Rb and p16 in Human • Esophageal Carcinoma is the tenth most common cancer in theTaiwanese population and the fifth most common cancer in themale population of Taiwan. Various genetic abnormalities havealready been reported such as changes of tumor suppressor genesincluding p53, APC, MCC that genes are involved in esophagealcarcinoma.The retinoblastoma gene product (pRB) is a nuclearphosphoprotein that is thought to play a key role in thenegative regulation of cellular proliferation by modulating theactivities of the transcriptional factors that controlexpression of S phase genes. D-type cyclins, in association withthe cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk4 or Cdk6, promote progressionthrough the G1 phase of the cell cycle by phosphorylating thepRB. The activities of Cdk4 and Cdk6 are constrained byinhibitors such as p16, the product of the p16 gene on humanchromosome 9p21. The tumor suppressor gene p16(CDKN2/INK4A/MTS1)has been found to be deleted or mutated in a variety of humancancers. Thirteen human esophageal carcinoma primary tissuesamples and five human esophageal carcinoma cell lines wereanalyzed for Rb gene alteration by single-strand conformationalpolymorphism (SSCP), DNA sequence analyses, and western blotassay. p16 gene alteration were detected by a method combiningreverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction todetect different RNA transcripts of the p16 gene, associate withwestern blot assay to detect p16 protein expression, andpolymerase chain reaction-methylation assay to detect themethylation status of genomic p16 gene in human esophagealcarcinoma.The results showed that 2 of 13 esophageal carcinomaprimary tissue samples and none of 5 esophageal carcinoma celllines had altered Rb tumor suppressor gene; 3 of 10 primarytissue samples didn''t express pRb protein, including 1 primarytissue sample with altered Rb gene, but all of 5 cell linesexpress pRb protein. 8 of 13 primary tissues samples and all of5 cell lines had altered p16 gene, 4 of 10 primary tissuesamples and all of 5 cell lines fail to express p16 protein.Ourresult revealed that inactivation of the p16 tumor suppressorgene may play an important role in the development of esophagealcarcinoma. But since the Rb tumor suppressor gene transcriptionfactors binding sites alteration is not a frequent event inesophageal carcinoma, it will require more studies to understandRb''s role in esophageal carcinoma.

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