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From LEP to LHC

From LEP to LHC. At the occasion of the retirement of Lyn Evans Herwig Schopper. BBC interview with Lyn Evans:

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From LEP to LHC

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  1. From LEP to LHC At the occasion of the retirement of Lyn Evans Herwig Schopper

  2. BBC interview with Lyn Evans: 'I've been around a long time and seen big projects, but when I go into that tunnel I feel really overawed……My job involves quite a bit of travel. Recently, I met the President of China and thought to myself, "Not bad for a bloke from Aberdare!" Inspired: 'Evans the Atom' at school in Wales in 1962 'My biggest career hurdle was passing O Level French which was a requirement for university. It was a nightmare. Ironically, since joining CERN, I spend half of my time working in French.'

  3. LEP was cradlefor LHC Tunnel size was chosenfor LHC LEP Experiments precursorsof LHC Experiments Create confidencewithneighbouringpopulationandlocalauthorities Management andinfrastructurefirstprojectwithconstant lab budgetmass production

  4. First proposal by J.Adams ‘Pink Book’ (E.Keil, W.Schnell and C.J.Zilverschoon) summer 1979 30 km circumference Deep under Jura 1000 m cover by rocks 3 long access galleries

  5. Terrible rock, impossiblefortunneling Move out

  6. Advice from geological experts Prof. Giovanni Lombardi, a worldwide expert in tunnelling When he learned about the boundary conditions for LEP (e.g. Time schedule, ‘constant’ budget) he replied: ‘you either get the tunnel out of the mountain, or my advice is to let others build this tunnel’. Proposalfor 27 km tunnel

  7. 1983 Thatcher at CERN: ‚Do not treatmeas Prime Minister, but asfellowscientist‘ Mrs.Thatcher‘s 2 questions: Whyis LEP round? Whatissizeofnext tunnel at CERN?

  8. New Aspect: SSC in USA After discoveryof W and Z at CERN in 1983 Nobel PrizeforC.Rubbiaand S. van der Meer NY Times: „Europe 3, US Not Even Z-Zero“ SSC was proposed in USA Cicumference 87 km, beam energy 20 TeV Beat a HadronCollider in LEP Tunnel?

  9. Workshop at Lausanne September 1984 „Large HadronCollider in the LEP tunnel“ On top of LEP About 9 TeV /beam LHC couldbefasterrealisedthan SSC, use tunnel andinfrastructure (cheaper) Lowerenergypartlycompensatedbyhigherluminosity

  10. Tunnel circumference ? Letter fromJohn Adams to Herwig Schopper (12 March 1981): „Itseemstomethatyourchoicenowiseithertobattle on withthe 27 km circumference LEP withpossibledelays in startingconstruction, continoustroublewiththe French authoritiesat all levelsand a seriousriskofdelaysandoverspending on theproject, ortogo flat out for a smaller LEP …..whichwouldavoid all theseproblems“ Adams proposed 22 km circumference Similarlettersbyothers

  11. In spiteofwarningswith Emilio Picasso wetookdecision(withoutcommittees!) tokeep 27 km tunnel toallowhighestpossibleenergyfor LHC 22 km circumferencewouldhavebeensufficientfor Z and W physics LEP tunnel size was chosen in viewof LHC !!

  12. Tomaketherisk tolerable: Rotatethe ring somewhat out of Jura (3 km remaineddifficult) Put tunnel on inclined plane A B C Position: A impossible B approvedby Council, still 8 km under Jura C Final , after Council approval, 3 km under Jura, noaccessshafts

  13. Nodisastrousevent, but wehadtopayforourdecision: waterdelayedprojectbyabout 1 year

  14. „Ende gut, Alles gut“ Inauguration of tunnel

  15. First LEP beam 14 July 1989

  16. New technologiesfor LEP e.g.„Concrete Magnets“ 3400 dipoles Designedfor 125 GeV beam • Mass production:Testing large quantities • Intermediate storage • Transportation to tunnel

  17. Long Range PlanningCommittee • Set upby Council in 1985 Chair Carlo Rubbia • Tostudy: • p-p collider (G.Brianti) • Linear collider Proposalpresented in 1987: p-p colliderwith 8 TeV Beam energy (on top of LEP) Start developmentprogrammefor SC magnets „If a decisiontoconstruct LHC couldbetaken in 1989…. onewouldexpectfirstcollisionsby 1995“

  18. SSC international project?? G.Montanet, D.Colley, D.Stairs J.Horowitz, V.Soergel, N.Cabibbo, P.Fasella, H.Schopper J.Rembser, A.Trivelpiece, H. Attkinson, T.Nishikawa 1987 Meeting at Washington todiscuss European, CanadianandJapaneseparticipation in SSC

  19. OurQuestion:Whatisthepossibleinfluenceofpartners, e.g. on SSC design, experiments? Answer: „ The President (Reagan) hasdecidedtobuild SSC, Youjointheprojectorleaveit“ The end of SSC as international project On 21 October 1993 SSC cancelledby US Congress Fromnow on LEP withoutcompetition But not withoutproblems!

  20. LEP Experiments • Precursorsto LHC experiments: • Major partoffinancingfrom outside • FinanceCommitteeforeach Experiment (toinvolve national fundingauthorities) • Organisation (spokesperson, technicalcoordinator) • Data distribution (WEB!) • ‚Experiments‘ become • institutionsbythemselves Worldwide participationsince LEP unique

  21. ALEPH (J.Steinberger) DELPHI (U.Amaldi) L3 (S.Ting) OPAL (A.Michelini/R.Heuer)

  22. Rolf Heuer, DGCERN Bulletin,24 May 2010 With LEP, the scale of experiments at CERN took a big leap forward, as did the degree of collaboration between them. From operating as independent entities when LEP switched on in 1989, they went on to develop common working groups on many physics topics. And when LEP switched off in 2000, it was these working groups that had the last word. It's a model that works well. Sharing best practice and combining results delivers the best physics in the long run while not compromising the healthy spirit of competition that exists between the experiments. ……….the LHC community is picking up where LEP left off.

  23. PhysicsResultsfrom LEP LEP hasturned HEP from 10 % precisionintohighprecisionscience Hasshownthat Standard Model isrenormalizablefieldtheory The basisfromwhich LHC physicsstarts All Monte Carlos !

  24. The last excitingdaysof LEP The highenergiescouldbeachievedsinceLyn Evans (LHC projectleader) agreedtousecryogenicsboughtfor LHC to cool LEP rfcavities.

  25. Higgs: bestresults still from LEP Whereisit? TEVATRON LEP Higgs mass in rangeof LEP ??Magnets couldhavegoneto 125 GeV!

  26. Manylessonsformanagement The firstprojectat CERN toberealisedwithconstantbudget Cash flow, Debts!!

  27. Public relations Population around CERN did not knowwhat CERN was doing ‚N‘ nuclearenergy?? CERN involved in militaryresearch? Severalhunderedpresentations in Genevaandneighbouringvillagesestablishednewconfidence

  28. Closureof LEP in 2000 The ministers unveiled a commemorative plaque : We, the participating countries, recognise the outstanding scientific achievements of LEP that have illuminated the family structure of fundamental particles and the texture of our Universe.LEP has stimulated new ideas and technologies with applications reaching far beyond the realms of fundamental physics. Best known is the World Wide Web.LEP has set new standards for international scientific collaboration, giving scientists from all over the world the opportunity to work together and push back the limits of the unknown. LEP achievements open the way for a new challenge: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which will allow us to go deeper in the exploration of the structure of matter, space and time.

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