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TOWARD EMPIRE

TOWARD EMPIRE. America: Past and Present Chapter 21. America Looks Outward. U.S. expansion shifts after 1890 Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies . Catching the Spirit of Empire. Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years

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TOWARD EMPIRE

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  1. TOWARD EMPIRE America: Past and Present Chapter 21

  2. America Looks Outward • U.S. expansion shifts after 1890 • Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies

  3. Catching the Spirit of Empire • Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years • 1870s bring new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries • Internationalism began to replace nationalism

  4. Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain markets • Evolutionary ideas encourage expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere • Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong's popular Our Country (1885)

  5. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867-1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Erode European influence in Latin America • diverts Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties • U.S. supports Venezuela against Great Britain

  6. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • 1875--U.S. grants Hawaiian sugar free entry • Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinley Tariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence • 1893--American settlers pull off coup • 1898--Hawaii made U.S. possession • 1872--U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa • 1899--U.S. shares control with Germany

  7. Hawaiian Islands

  8. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argues that overseas markets are essential for industrial surpluses • Large merchant marine, strong navy needed • 1889--Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervises a program of naval construction • U.S. gains offensive capability at sea

  9. War with Spain • The war increased overseas possessions • It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power” • Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

  10. A War for Principle • February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba • "Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence • McKinley gains Spanish concessions • February, 1898--explosion of the Maine • April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent, passes "Teller Amendment" • April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

  11. "A Splendid Little War" • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • regulars possess latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles • Guard units possess old Springfield rifles • Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

  12. “Smoked Yankees” • African Americans serve in army Guard units • Black troops resist segregation • African American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

  13. The Course of the War • May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay • June--Cuba invaded • July--Santiago surrenders, Puerto Rico occupied • August 13--Philippines surrender

  14. Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater

  15. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

  16. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • December 1898--Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

  17. The Treaty of Paris Debate • Debate over annexation of the Philippines • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League • February, 1899--ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

  18. American Empire, 1900

  19. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1898-1901--Emilio Aguinaldo leads Philippine independence movement • 1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule • local self-government permitted • schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946--Philippine independence

  20. World Colonial Empires, 1900

  21. Governing the Empire • Supreme Court permits selective application of Constitution to new territories • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens • Navy controls Guam • Cuban constitution ends U.S. occupation • Platt Amendment--U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs

  22. The Open Door • March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China • no European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area • Policy opens the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

  23. Outcome of the War with Spain • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans • Confirms Republicans as majority party • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country

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