Development and Preliminary Application of Image Filters for Quantitative XCT Damage Analyses

1. Development and Preliminary Application of Image Filters for Quantitative XCT Damage Analyses 12th Annual Research Symposium of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Orlando, Florida, USA March 10 - 14, 2003

2. Outline • Abstract • TIFF Binaries • 3D Reconstructions • Creating Image Filters • Using AutoCAD layers as image filters • Interpreting Data • Summary

3. Abstract • Segmented binarized XCT images were analyzed using a method developed using a number of software applications to graphically interrogate the physical amount of ballistic meso-damage (>250 m) in impacted titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) disk samples.

4. A threshold is used to create the binary TIFF images These images are exported as a stack of binary 16 bit TIFF images! TIFF image Binaries

5. 3D Reconstructions • 16 Bit Tiff Images • ACTIS software puts these together and makes a 3D solid • Analysis of images using the ACTIS software produces qualitative results

6. Using AutoCAD, a filter was developed • First: • A cylinder is created within another cylinder with radius plus ¼ millimeter

7. Second • The smaller cylinder is subtracted from the larger one, creating a ring

8. Third • The ¼ millimeter ring is subtracted from a rectangular solid, creating a hollow rectangular solid

9. Finally • Hollow rectangular solids are created from subtracting rings with three to twenty millimeter radii and each one becomes an individual layer within AutoCAD Combined Layers

10. Using AutoCAD Layers as Image Filters Layer Bounding Box – 100mm X 100mm X 1mm TIFF Image Bounding Box – 70mm X 70mm TIFF Image is 70 X 70; it is aligned within the Tiff Image Bounding Box

11. Layers move to a calculated offset. TIFF Image Stays in Original Position (0.334, 1.476)

12. TIFF image is placed on alignment lines which lie beneath the hollow rectangular solid

13. The current ring is zoomed in on

14. The Scene is Rendered, creating a ring with a ¼ millimeter radius. • This shows damaged and undamaged pixels • The rendered scene is then exported as a Bitmap image

15. For all ¼ millimeter layers, this process is executed

16. Using The Exported Images • The exported bitmap images created in AutoCAD are multiple colors; the solids color is magenta, the damaged pixels are black, and the undamaged pixels are white • AutoCAD averages the color of the pixels from the inner and outer radial ring causing more than three colors to be present in the export • Exported images from AutoCAD are imported to Paint Shop Pro and reduced to three colors

17. ImageJ and the Excel Standard Table • Using Image J, the three color images made with Paint Shop Pro are analyzed and the number of pixels for each color are reported. • An excel table calculates values for Axi-Symmetric Damage Fraction, Cumulative Damage, and Cumulative Unit Damage.

18. Axi-Symmetric Damage Fraction • A measure of the percent damage in each quarter millimeter ring out to the edge of the object. %d

19. Axi-Symmetric Unit Damage Fraction 20 30 40 50 60

20. Summary • The data from this work and work to come will allow more accurate damage modeling to take place • Predicting failure in materials is essential in improving the survivability and lethality of military units

21. Current Goals • Submit 2 Abstracts to NDIA conference ’24th International Symposium on Ballistics’ • Abstracts Due - December 1, 2007 • Paper Selection - January 15, 2008 • Authors Notified - February 15, 2008 • Papers Due - April 1, 2008 • Final Program - June 1, 2008 • Symposium - September 22-26, 2008

22. Abstract 1 • Perspectives on the Requirements, Development, and Outputs of an X-Ray Computed Tomography Image Processing Application for Ballistic Impact Analysis In Armor Samples

23. Abstract 2 • Advances in the Automated Analysis and Visualization of X-Ray Computed Tomography Image Data