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Carbon

Carbon. Contents History and etymology Occurrence Notable characteristics of carbon Allotropes Applications. History and etymology.

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Carbon

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  1. Carbon Contents History and etymology Occurrence Notable characteristics of carbon Allotropes Applications ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  2. History and etymology • Carbon was discovered in the prehistoric era and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen (making charcoal) • The name of Carbon comes from Latin carbo ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  3. Occurrence • Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen • Carbon is also found in abundance in the Sun, stars, comets, atmosphere of most planets ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  4. Notable characteristics of Carbon • Can exist as the hardest naturally occurring substance (diamond) • It can also exist as one of the softest substances (graphite) known • It has a great affinity for bonding with other small atoms, and forming multiple stable covalent bonds with such atoms ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  5. Allotropes The three well known allotropes of carbon are • Amorphous carbon • Graphite • Diamond Several exotic allotropes have also been synthesized or discovered, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, lonsdaleite and aggregated diamond nanorods ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  6. Allotropes • Carbon in its amorphous form is essentially graphite, but not held in a crystalline macrostructure. It is rather present as a powder • At normal pressures carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded to three others in a plane composed of fused hexagonal rings • At very high pressures carbon forms an allotrope called diamond, in which each atom is bonded to four others ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  7. Applications • Carbon (usually as coke) is used to reduce iron ore into iron • Carbon is added to iron to make steel • Carbon is used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors • Carbon, due to its non-reactivity with many substances that corrode most materials, is often used as an electrode ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  8. Applications • Graphite carbon in a powdered, caked form is used as charcoal for grilling, artwork and other uses • Graphite is combined with clays to form the lead used in pencils. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  9. Applications • Industrial diamonds are used in cutting, drilling, and polishing technologies • Diamond is used for decorative purposes, and as drill bits and other applications making use of its hardness ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

  10. Applications • The isotope carbon-14 is used in radiocarbon dating • Carbon fiber, which is mainly used for composite materials, as well as high-temperature gas filtration • Carbon black is used as a filler in rubber and plastic compounds • Activated charcoal is used in medicine (as powder or compound in tablets or capsules) to absorb toxins, poisons, or gases from the digestive system ogonna obinwa chem 1A 71242

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