nursing review 2

1. Nursing Review 2 Medical Surgical Nursing - A Speech Notes - Slide 1 1. [Title] Nursing Review 2 Nursing Review 2 2. [Subtitle Par: 1] Medical Surgical Nursing Medical Surgical Nursing Speech Notes - Slide 1 1. [Title] Nursing Review 2 Nursing Review 2 2. [Subtitle Par: 1] Medical Surgical Nursing Medical Surgical Nursing

2. Speech Notes - Slide 2 1. [Body Par: 1] Abdominal assessment is performed in the following order: inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion. Abdominal assessment is performed in the following order: inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion. Speech Notes - Slide 2 1. [Body Par: 1] Abdominal assessment is performed in the following order: inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion. Abdominal assessment is performed in the following order: inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion.

3. Abdominal Distention The causes of abdominal distention are represented by the six F�s: Flatus Feces Fetus Fluid Fat and Fatal malignant neoplasm A patient who has abdominal distention as a result of flatus can be treated with a carminative enema (Harris flush). Speech Notes - Slide 3 1. [Body Par: 1] The causes of abdominal distention are represented by the six F�s: The causes of abdominal distention are represented by the six F�s: 2. [Body Par: 3] Flatus Flatus 3. [Body Par: 4] Feces Feces 4. [Body Par: 5] Fetus Fetus 5. [Body Par: 6] Fluid Fluid 6. [Body Par: 7] Fat and Fat and 7. [Body Par: 8] Fatal malignant neoplasm Fatal malignant neoplasm 8. [Body Par: 10] A patient who has abdominal distention as a result of flatus can be treated with a carminative enema (Harris flush). A patient who has abdominal distention as a result of flatus can be treated with a carminative enema (Harris flush). Speech Notes - Slide 3 1. [Body Par: 1] The causes of abdominal distention are represented by the six F�s: The causes of abdominal distention are represented by the six F�s: 2. [Body Par: 3] Flatus Flatus 3. [Body Par: 4] Feces Feces 4. [Body Par: 5] Fetus Fetus 5. [Body Par: 6] Fluid Fluid 6. [Body Par: 7] Fat and Fat and 7. [Body Par: 8] Fatal malignant neoplasm Fatal malignant neoplasm 8. [Body Par: 10] A patient who has abdominal distention as a result of flatus can be treated with a carminative enema (Harris flush). A patient who has abdominal distention as a result of flatus can be treated with a carminative enema (Harris flush).

4. Abdominal Pain The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. A patient who has abdominal pain shouldn�t receive an analgesic until the cause of the pain is determined. Speech Notes - Slide 4 1. [Body Par: 1] The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. 2. [Body Par: 2] A patient who has abdominal pain shouldn�t receive an analgesic until the cause of the pain is determined. A patient who has abdominal pain shouldn�t receive an analgesic until the cause of the pain is determined. Speech Notes - Slide 4 1. [Body Par: 1] The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. 2. [Body Par: 2] A patient who has abdominal pain shouldn�t receive an analgesic until the cause of the pain is determined. A patient who has abdominal pain shouldn�t receive an analgesic until the cause of the pain is determined.

5. Ace Inhibitors Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibit the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Through this action, they reduce peripheral arterial resistance and blood pressure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). Speech Notes - Slide 6 1. [Title] Ace Inhibitors Ace Inhibitors 2. [Body Par: 1] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibit the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibit the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. 3. [Body Par: 2] Through this action, they reduce peripheral arterial resistance and blood pressure. Through this action, they reduce peripheral arterial resistance and blood pressure. 4. [Body Par: 3] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). Speech Notes - Slide 6 1. [Title] Ace Inhibitors Ace Inhibitors 2. [Body Par: 1] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibit the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibit the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. 3. [Body Par: 2] Through this action, they reduce peripheral arterial resistance and blood pressure. Through this action, they reduce peripheral arterial resistance and blood pressure. 4. [Body Par: 3] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec).

6. Acetaminophen Acetaminophen - Tylenol overdose can severely damage the liver. The antidote for acetaminophen is mucomyst. Speech Notes - Slide 7 1. [Title] Acetaminophen Acetaminophen 2. [Body Par: 1] Acetaminophen - Tylenol overdose can severely damage the liver. Acetaminophen - Tylenol overdose can severely damage the liver. 3. [Body Par: 2] The antidote for acetaminophen is mucomyst. The antidote for acetaminophen is mucomyst. Speech Notes - Slide 7 1. [Title] Acetaminophen Acetaminophen 2. [Body Par: 1] Acetaminophen - Tylenol overdose can severely damage the liver. Acetaminophen - Tylenol overdose can severely damage the liver. 3. [Body Par: 2] The antidote for acetaminophen is mucomyst. The antidote for acetaminophen is mucomyst.

7. Acid Base Balance Acid-base balance is the body�s hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions 1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate is normal. Acidosis may cause insulin resistance. In determining acid�base problems, the nurse should first note the pH. Speech Notes - Slide 8 1. [Body Par: 1] Acid-base balance is the body�s hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions 1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate is normal. Acid-base balance is the body�s hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions 1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate is normal. 2. [Body Par: 2] Acidosis may cause insulin resistance. Acidosis may cause insulin resistance. 3. [Body Par: 3] In determining acid�base problems, the nurse should first note the pH. In determining acid�base problems, the nurse should first note the pH. Speech Notes - Slide 8 1. [Body Par: 1] Acid-base balance is the body�s hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions 1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate is normal. Acid-base balance is the body�s hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions 1 part carbonic acid to 20 parts bicarbonate is normal. 2. [Body Par: 2] Acidosis may cause insulin resistance. Acidosis may cause insulin resistance. 3. [Body Par: 3] In determining acid�base problems, the nurse should first note the pH. In determining acid�base problems, the nurse should first note the pH.

8. Acid Base Balance If it�s above 7.45, it�s a problem of alkalosis If the pH is below 7.35, it�s a problem of acidosis. The nurse should next look at the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide PaCO2. This is the respiratory indicator. If the pH indicates acidosis and the PaCO2 indicates acidosis as well greater than 45 mm Hg, the source of the problem is respiration. It�s called respiratory acidosis. Speech Notes - Slide 9 1. [Body Par: 1] If it�s above 7.45, it�s a problem of alkalosis If it�s above 7.45, it�s a problem of alkalosis 2. [Body Par: 2] If the pH is below 7.35, it�s a problem of acidosis. If the pH is below 7.35, it�s a problem of acidosis. 3. [Body Par: 3] The nurse should next look at the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide PaCO2. The nurse should next look at the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide PaCO2. 4. [Body Par: 4] This is the respiratory indicator. This is the respiratory indicator. 5. [Body Par: 5] If the pH indicates acidosis and the PaCO2 indicates acidosis as well greater than 45 mm Hg, the source of the problem is respiration. If the pH indicates acidosis and the PaCO2 indicates acidosis as well greater than 45 mm Hg, the source of the problem is respiration. 6. [Body Par: 6] It�s called respiratory acidosis. It�s called respiratory acidosis. Speech Notes - Slide 9 1. [Body Par: 1] If it�s above 7.45, it�s a problem of alkalosis If it�s above 7.45, it�s a problem of alkalosis 2. [Body Par: 2] If the pH is below 7.35, it�s a problem of acidosis. If the pH is below 7.35, it�s a problem of acidosis. 3. [Body Par: 3] The nurse should next look at the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide PaCO2. The nurse should next look at the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide PaCO2. 4. [Body Par: 4] This is the respiratory indicator. This is the respiratory indicator. 5. [Body Par: 5] If the pH indicates acidosis and the PaCO2 indicates acidosis as well greater than 45 mm Hg, the source of the problem is respiration. If the pH indicates acidosis and the PaCO2 indicates acidosis as well greater than 45 mm Hg, the source of the problem is respiration. 6. [Body Par: 6] It�s called respiratory acidosis. It�s called respiratory acidosis.

9. Acid Base Balance If the pH indicates alkalosis and the PaCO2 also indicates alkalosis (less than 35 mm Hg), then there�s a match, and the source of the problem is respiration. This is called respiratory alkalosis. If the PaCO2 is normal, then the nurse should look at the bicarbonate (HCO3), which is the metabolic indicator, and note whether it�s acidic (less than 22 mEq/L) or alkaline (greater than 26 mEq/L). Speech Notes - Slide 10 1. [Body Par: 1] If the pH indicates alkalosis and the PaCO2 also indicates alkalosis (less than 35 mm Hg), then there�s a match, and the source of the problem is respiration. If the pH indicates alkalosis and the PaCO2 also indicates alkalosis (less than 35 mm Hg), then there�s a match, and the source of the problem is respiration. 2. [Body Par: 2] This is called respiratory alkalosis. This is called respiratory alkalosis. 3. [Body Par: 3] If the PaCO2 is normal, then the nurse should look at the bicarbonate (HCO3), which is the metabolic indicator, and note whether it�s acidic (less than 22 mEq/L) or alkaline (greater than 26 mEq/L). If the PaCO2 is normal, then the nurse should look at the bicarbonate (HCO3), which is the metabolic indicator, and note whether it�s acidic (less than 22 mEq/L) or alkaline (greater than 26 mEq/L). Speech Notes - Slide 10 1. [Body Par: 1] If the pH indicates alkalosis and the PaCO2 also indicates alkalosis (less than 35 mm Hg), then there�s a match, and the source of the problem is respiration. If the pH indicates alkalosis and the PaCO2 also indicates alkalosis (less than 35 mm Hg), then there�s a match, and the source of the problem is respiration. 2. [Body Par: 2] This is called respiratory alkalosis. This is called respiratory alkalosis. 3. [Body Par: 3] If the PaCO2 is normal, then the nurse should look at the bicarbonate (HCO3), which is the metabolic indicator, and note whether it�s acidic (less than 22 mEq/L) or alkaline (greater than 26 mEq/L). If the PaCO2 is normal, then the nurse should look at the bicarbonate (HCO3), which is the metabolic indicator, and note whether it�s acidic (less than 22 mEq/L) or alkaline (greater than 26 mEq/L).

10. Acid Base Balance Determine which value the pH matches; it will determine whether the problem is metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. If both the PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, then the body is compensating. If the pH has returned to normal, the body is in full compensation. Speech Notes - Slide 11 1. [Body Par: 1] Determine which value the pH matches; it will determine whether the problem is metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Determine which value the pH matches; it will determine whether the problem is metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. 2. [Body Par: 2] If both the PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, then the body is compensating. If the pH has returned to normal, the body is in full compensation. If both the PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, then the body is compensating. If the pH has returned to normal, the body is in full compensation. Speech Notes - Slide 11 1. [Body Par: 1] Determine which value the pH matches; it will determine whether the problem is metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Determine which value the pH matches; it will determine whether the problem is metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. 2. [Body Par: 2] If both the PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, then the body is compensating. If the pH has returned to normal, the body is in full compensation. If both the PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, then the body is compensating. If the pH has returned to normal, the body is in full compensation.

11. AIDS In a patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the primary purpose of drugs is to prevent secondary infections. The antiviral agent zidovudine (Retrovir) successfully slows replication of the human immunodeficiency virus, thereby slowing the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Early signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include fatigue, night sweats, enlarged lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, pallor, and fever. Speech Notes - Slide 13 1. [Body Par: 1] In a patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the primary purpose of drugs is to prevent secondary infections. In a patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the primary purpose of drugs is to prevent secondary infections. 2. [Body Par: 2] The antiviral agent zidovudine (Retrovir) successfully slows replication of the human immunodeficiency virus, thereby slowing the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The antiviral agent zidovudine (Retrovir) successfully slows replication of the human immunodeficiency virus, thereby slowing the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 3. [Body Par: 3] Early signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include fatigue, night sweats, enlarged lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, pallor, and fever. Early signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include fatigue, night sweats, enlarged lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, pallor, and fever. 4. [Title] AIDS AIDS Speech Notes - Slide 13 1. [Body Par: 1] In a patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the primary purpose of drugs is to prevent secondary infections. In a patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the primary purpose of drugs is to prevent secondary infections. 2. [Body Par: 2] The antiviral agent zidovudine (Retrovir) successfully slows replication of the human immunodeficiency virus, thereby slowing the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The antiviral agent zidovudine (Retrovir) successfully slows replication of the human immunodeficiency virus, thereby slowing the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 3. [Body Par: 3] Early signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include fatigue, night sweats, enlarged lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, pallor, and fever. Early signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include fatigue, night sweats, enlarged lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, pallor, and fever. 4. [Title] AIDS AIDS

12. AIDS Interventions for the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include treating existing infections and cancers, reducing the risk of opportunistic infections, maintaining adequate nutrition and hydration, and providing emotional support to the patient and family. A patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome shouldn�t share razors or toothbrushes with others, but there are no special precautions for dinnerware or laundry services. Speech Notes - Slide 14 1. [Body Par: 1] Interventions for the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include treating existing infections and cancers, reducing the risk of opportunistic infections, maintaining adequate nutrition and hydration, and providing emotional support to the patient and family. Interventions for the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include treating existing infections and cancers, reducing the risk of opportunistic infections, maintaining adequate nutrition and hydration, and providing emotional support to the patient and family. 2. [Body Par: 2] A patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome shouldn�t share razors or toothbrushes with others, but there are no special precautions for dinnerware or laundry services. A patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome shouldn�t share razors or toothbrushes with others, but there are no special precautions for dinnerware or laundry services. Speech Notes - Slide 14 1. [Body Par: 1] Interventions for the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include treating existing infections and cancers, reducing the risk of opportunistic infections, maintaining adequate nutrition and hydration, and providing emotional support to the patient and family. Interventions for the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include treating existing infections and cancers, reducing the risk of opportunistic infections, maintaining adequate nutrition and hydration, and providing emotional support to the patient and family. 2. [Body Par: 2] A patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome shouldn�t share razors or toothbrushes with others, but there are no special precautions for dinnerware or laundry services. A patient who has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome shouldn�t share razors or toothbrushes with others, but there are no special precautions for dinnerware or laundry services.

13. Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Acute alcohol withdrawal causes anorexia, insomnia, headache, and restlessness and escalates to a syndrome that�s characterized by agitation, disorientation, vivid hallucinations, and tremors of the hands, feet, legs, and tongue. Speech Notes - Slide 15 1. [Body Par: 1] Acute alcohol withdrawal causes anorexia, insomnia, headache, and restlessness and escalates to a syndrome that�s characterized by agitation, disorientation, vivid hallucinations, and tremors of the hands, feet, legs, and tongue. Acute alcohol withdrawal causes anorexia, insomnia, headache, and restlessness and escalates to a syndrome that�s characterized by agitation, disorientation, vivid hallucinations, and tremors of the hands, feet, legs, and tongue. Speech Notes - Slide 15 1. [Body Par: 1] Acute alcohol withdrawal causes anorexia, insomnia, headache, and restlessness and escalates to a syndrome that�s characterized by agitation, disorientation, vivid hallucinations, and tremors of the hands, feet, legs, and tongue. Acute alcohol withdrawal causes anorexia, insomnia, headache, and restlessness and escalates to a syndrome that�s characterized by agitation, disorientation, vivid hallucinations, and tremors of the hands, feet, legs, and tongue.

14. Addison�s Disease Addison�s disease is caused by hypofunction of the adrenal gland and is characterized by fatigue, anemia, weight loss, and bronze skin pigmentation. Without cortisol replacement therapy, it�s usually fatal. Speech Notes - Slide 16 1. [Body Par: 1] Addison�s disease is caused by hypofunction of the adrenal gland and is characterized by fatigue, anemia, weight loss, and bronze skin pigmentation. Addison�s disease is caused by hypofunction of the adrenal gland and is characterized by fatigue, anemia, weight loss, and bronze skin pigmentation. 2. [Body Par: 2] Without cortisol replacement therapy, it�s usually fatal. Without cortisol replacement therapy, it�s usually fatal. Speech Notes - Slide 16 1. [Body Par: 1] Addison�s disease is caused by hypofunction of the adrenal gland and is characterized by fatigue, anemia, weight loss, and bronze skin pigmentation. Addison�s disease is caused by hypofunction of the adrenal gland and is characterized by fatigue, anemia, weight loss, and bronze skin pigmentation. 2. [Body Par: 2] Without cortisol replacement therapy, it�s usually fatal. Without cortisol replacement therapy, it�s usually fatal.

15. Adrenalectomy An adrenalectomy can decrease steroid production, which can cause extensive loss of sodium and water. A patient who has bilateral adrenalectomy must take cortisone for the rest of his life. Speech Notes - Slide 17 1. [Body Par: 1] An adrenalectomy can decrease steroid production, which can cause extensive loss of sodium and water. An adrenalectomy can decrease steroid production, which can cause extensive loss of sodium and water. 2. [Body Par: 2] A patient who has bilateral adrenalectomy must take cortisone for the rest of his life. A patient who has bilateral adrenalectomy must take cortisone for the rest of his life. Speech Notes - Slide 17 1. [Body Par: 1] An adrenalectomy can decrease steroid production, which can cause extensive loss of sodium and water. An adrenalectomy can decrease steroid production, which can cause extensive loss of sodium and water. 2. [Body Par: 2] A patient who has bilateral adrenalectomy must take cortisone for the rest of his life. A patient who has bilateral adrenalectomy must take cortisone for the rest of his life.

16. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients with adult RDS can have high peak inspiratory pressures. The nurse should monitor these patients closely for signs of spontaneous pneumothorax, such as acute deterioration in oxygenation, absence of breath sounds on the affected side, and crepitus beginning on the affected side. Speech Notes - Slide 18 1. [Title] Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome 2. [Body Par: 1] Patients with adult RDS can have high peak inspiratory pressures. Patients with adult RDS can have high peak inspiratory pressures. 3. [Body Par: 2] The nurse should monitor these patients closely for signs of spontaneous pneumothorax, such as acute deterioration in oxygenation, absence of breath sounds on the affected side, and crepitus beginning on the affected side. The nurse should monitor these patients closely for signs of spontaneous pneumothorax, such as acute deterioration in oxygenation, absence of breath sounds on the affected side, and crepitus beginning on the affected side. Speech Notes - Slide 18 1. [Title] Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome 2. [Body Par: 1] Patients with adult RDS can have high peak inspiratory pressures. Patients with adult RDS can have high peak inspiratory pressures. 3. [Body Par: 2] The nurse should monitor these patients closely for signs of spontaneous pneumothorax, such as acute deterioration in oxygenation, absence of breath sounds on the affected side, and crepitus beginning on the affected side. The nurse should monitor these patients closely for signs of spontaneous pneumothorax, such as acute deterioration in oxygenation, absence of breath sounds on the affected side, and crepitus beginning on the affected side.

17. Afterload Afterload is the force that the ventricle must exert during systole to eject the stroke volume. It is ventricular wall tension during systolic ejection. It�s increased in patients who have septal hypertrophy, increased blood viscosity, and conditions that cause blockage of aortic or pulmonary outflow. Speech Notes - Slide 19 1. [Body Par: 1] Afterload is the force that the ventricle must exert during systole to eject the stroke volume. Afterload is the force that the ventricle must exert during systole to eject the stroke volume. 2. [Body Par: 2] It is ventricular wall tension during systolic ejection. It is ventricular wall tension during systolic ejection. 3. [Body Par: 3] It�s increased in patients who have septal hypertrophy, increased blood viscosity, and conditions that cause blockage of aortic or pulmonary outflow. It�s increased in patients who have septal hypertrophy, increased blood viscosity, and conditions that cause blockage of aortic or pulmonary outflow. Speech Notes - Slide 19 1. [Body Par: 1] Afterload is the force that the ventricle must exert during systole to eject the stroke volume. Afterload is the force that the ventricle must exert during systole to eject the stroke volume. 2. [Body Par: 2] It is ventricular wall tension during systolic ejection. It is ventricular wall tension during systolic ejection. 3. [Body Par: 3] It�s increased in patients who have septal hypertrophy, increased blood viscosity, and conditions that cause blockage of aortic or pulmonary outflow. It�s increased in patients who have septal hypertrophy, increased blood viscosity, and conditions that cause blockage of aortic or pulmonary outflow.

18. Airway If gagging, nausea, or vomiting occurs when an airway is removed, the nurse should place the patient in a lateral position with the upper arm supported on a pillow. Speech Notes - Slide 20 1. [Title] Airway Airway 2. [Body Par: 1] If gagging, nausea, or vomiting occurs when an airway is removed, the nurse should place the patient in a lateral position with the upper arm supported on a pillow. If gagging, nausea, or vomiting occurs when an airway is removed, the nurse should place the patient in a lateral position with the upper arm supported on a pillow. Speech Notes - Slide 20 1. [Title] Airway Airway 2. [Body Par: 1] If gagging, nausea, or vomiting occurs when an airway is removed, the nurse should place the patient in a lateral position with the upper arm supported on a pillow. If gagging, nausea, or vomiting occurs when an airway is removed, the nurse should place the patient in a lateral position with the upper arm supported on a pillow.

19. Airway Obstruction The tongue is the most common airway obstruction in an unconscious patient. The primary postoperative concern is maintenance of a patent airway. Speech Notes - Slide 21 1. [Body Par: 1] The tongue is the most common airway obstruction in an unconscious patient. The tongue is the most common airway obstruction in an unconscious patient. 2. [Body Par: 2] The primary postoperative concern is maintenance of a patent airway. The primary postoperative concern is maintenance of a patent airway. Speech Notes - Slide 21 1. [Body Par: 1] The tongue is the most common airway obstruction in an unconscious patient. The tongue is the most common airway obstruction in an unconscious patient. 2. [Body Par: 2] The primary postoperative concern is maintenance of a patent airway. The primary postoperative concern is maintenance of a patent airway.

20. Albumin Albumin is a colloid that aids in maintaining fluid within the vascular system. If albumin were filtered out through the kidneys and into the urine, edema would occur. Speech Notes - Slide 22 1. [Body Par: 1] Albumin is a colloid that aids in maintaining fluid within the vascular system. Albumin is a colloid that aids in maintaining fluid within the vascular system. 2. [Body Par: 2] If albumin were filtered out through the kidneys and into the urine, edema would occur. If albumin were filtered out through the kidneys and into the urine, edema would occur. Speech Notes - Slide 22 1. [Body Par: 1] Albumin is a colloid that aids in maintaining fluid within the vascular system. Albumin is a colloid that aids in maintaining fluid within the vascular system. 2. [Body Par: 2] If albumin were filtered out through the kidneys and into the urine, edema would occur. If albumin were filtered out through the kidneys and into the urine, edema would occur.

21. Alcohol Metabolism Alcohol is metabolized primarily in the liver. Smaller amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and lungs. The body metabolizes alcohol at a fixed rate, regardless of serum concentration. In an alcoholic beverage, proof reflects the percentage of alcohol multiplied by 2. For example, a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol. Speech Notes - Slide 23 1. [Body Par: 1] Alcohol is metabolized primarily in the liver. Alcohol is metabolized primarily in the liver. 2. [Body Par: 2] Smaller amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and lungs. Smaller amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and lungs. 3. [Body Par: 3] The body metabolizes alcohol at a fixed rate, regardless of serum concentration. The body metabolizes alcohol at a fixed rate, regardless of serum concentration. 4. [Body Par: 4] In an alcoholic beverage, proof reflects the percentage of alcohol multiplied by 2. In an alcoholic beverage, proof reflects the percentage of alcohol multiplied by 2. 5. [Body Par: 5] For example, a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol. For example, a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol. Speech Notes - Slide 23 1. [Body Par: 1] Alcohol is metabolized primarily in the liver. Alcohol is metabolized primarily in the liver. 2. [Body Par: 2] Smaller amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and lungs. Smaller amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and lungs. 3. [Body Par: 3] The body metabolizes alcohol at a fixed rate, regardless of serum concentration. The body metabolizes alcohol at a fixed rate, regardless of serum concentration. 4. [Body Par: 4] In an alcoholic beverage, proof reflects the percentage of alcohol multiplied by 2. In an alcoholic beverage, proof reflects the percentage of alcohol multiplied by 2. 5. [Body Par: 5] For example, a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol. For example, a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol.

22. Alcoholic An alcoholic uses alcohol to cope with the stresses of life. An alcoholic who achieves sobriety is called a recovering alcoholic because no cure for alcoholism exists. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is the drug of choice for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms. The alcoholic patient receives thiamine to help prevent peripheral neuropathy and Korsakoff�s syndrome. Speech Notes - Slide 24 1. [Body Par: 1] An alcoholic uses alcohol to cope with the stresses of life. An alcoholic uses alcohol to cope with the stresses of life. 2. [Body Par: 2] An alcoholic who achieves sobriety is called a recovering alcoholic because no cure for alcoholism exists. An alcoholic who achieves sobriety is called a recovering alcoholic because no cure for alcoholism exists. 3. [Body Par: 3] Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is the drug of choice for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is the drug of choice for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms. 4. [Body Par: 4] The alcoholic patient receives thiamine to help prevent peripheral neuropathy and Korsakoff�s syndrome. The alcoholic patient receives thiamine to help prevent peripheral neuropathy and Korsakoff�s syndrome. Speech Notes - Slide 24 1. [Body Par: 1] An alcoholic uses alcohol to cope with the stresses of life. An alcoholic uses alcohol to cope with the stresses of life. 2. [Body Par: 2] An alcoholic who achieves sobriety is called a recovering alcoholic because no cure for alcoholism exists. An alcoholic who achieves sobriety is called a recovering alcoholic because no cure for alcoholism exists. 3. [Body Par: 3] Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is the drug of choice for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is the drug of choice for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms. 4. [Body Par: 4] The alcoholic patient receives thiamine to help prevent peripheral neuropathy and Korsakoff�s syndrome. The alcoholic patient receives thiamine to help prevent peripheral neuropathy and Korsakoff�s syndrome.

23. Alcohol Withdrawal Early signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include anxiety, anorexia, tremors, and insomnia. They may begin up to 8 hours after the last alcohol intake. Treatment for alcohol withdrawal may include administration of I.V. glucose for hypoglycemia, I.V. fluid containing thiamine and other B vitamins, and antianxiety, antidiarrheal, anticonvulsant, and antiemetic drugs. Speech Notes - Slide 25 1. [Body Par: 1] Early signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include anxiety, anorexia, tremors, and insomnia. Early signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include anxiety, anorexia, tremors, and insomnia. 2. [Body Par: 2] They may begin up to 8 hours after the last alcohol intake. They may begin up to 8 hours after the last alcohol intake. 3. [Body Par: 3] Treatment for alcohol withdrawal may include administration of I.V. glucose for hypoglycemia, I.V. fluid containing thiamine and other B vitamins, and antianxiety, antidiarrheal, anticonvulsant, and antiemetic drugs. Treatment for alcohol withdrawal may include administration of I.V. glucose for hypoglycemia, I.V. fluid containing thiamine and other B vitamins, and antianxiety, antidiarrheal, anticonvulsant, and antiemetic drugs. Speech Notes - Slide 25 1. [Body Par: 1] Early signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include anxiety, anorexia, tremors, and insomnia. Early signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include anxiety, anorexia, tremors, and insomnia. 2. [Body Par: 2] They may begin up to 8 hours after the last alcohol intake. They may begin up to 8 hours after the last alcohol intake. 3. [Body Par: 3] Treatment for alcohol withdrawal may include administration of I.V. glucose for hypoglycemia, I.V. fluid containing thiamine and other B vitamins, and antianxiety, antidiarrheal, anticonvulsant, and antiemetic drugs. Treatment for alcohol withdrawal may include administration of I.V. glucose for hypoglycemia, I.V. fluid containing thiamine and other B vitamins, and antianxiety, antidiarrheal, anticonvulsant, and antiemetic drugs.

24. Aldosterone The primary function of aldosterone is sodium reabsorption. Speech Notes - Slide 26 1. [Body Par: 1] The primary function of aldosterone is sodium reabsorption. The primary function of aldosterone is sodium reabsorption. Speech Notes - Slide 26 1. [Body Par: 1] The primary function of aldosterone is sodium reabsorption. The primary function of aldosterone is sodium reabsorption.

25. Aluminum Hydroxide Constipation is a common adverse reaction to aluminum hydroxide. The nurse should administer an aluminum hydroxide antacid at least 1 hour after an enteric-coated drug because it can cause premature release of the enteric-coated drug in the stomach. Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) neutralizes gastric acid. Speech Notes - Slide 27 1. [Body Par: 1] Constipation is a common adverse reaction to aluminum hydroxide. Constipation is a common adverse reaction to aluminum hydroxide. 2. [Body Par: 2] The nurse should administer an aluminum hydroxide antacid at least 1 hour after an enteric-coated drug because it can cause premature release of the enteric-coated drug in the stomach. The nurse should administer an aluminum hydroxide antacid at least 1 hour after an enteric-coated drug because it can cause premature release of the enteric-coated drug in the stomach. 3. [Body Par: 3] Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) neutralizes gastric acid. Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) neutralizes gastric acid. Speech Notes - Slide 27 1. [Body Par: 1] Constipation is a common adverse reaction to aluminum hydroxide. Constipation is a common adverse reaction to aluminum hydroxide. 2. [Body Par: 2] The nurse should administer an aluminum hydroxide antacid at least 1 hour after an enteric-coated drug because it can cause premature release of the enteric-coated drug in the stomach. The nurse should administer an aluminum hydroxide antacid at least 1 hour after an enteric-coated drug because it can cause premature release of the enteric-coated drug in the stomach. 3. [Body Par: 3] Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) neutralizes gastric acid. Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) neutralizes gastric acid.

26. Alzheimer�s Disease The diagnosis of Alzheimer�s disease is based on clinical findings of two or more cognitive deficits, progressive worsening of memory, and the results of a neuropsychological test. For a patient with Alzheimer�s disease, the nursing care plan should focus on safety measures. Factors that contribute to the death of patients with Alzheimer�s disease include infection, malnutrition, and dehydration. Speech Notes - Slide 28 1. [Body Par: 1] The diagnosis of Alzheimer�s disease is based on clinical findings of two or more cognitive deficits, progressive worsening of memory, and the results of a neuropsychological test. The diagnosis of Alzheimer�s disease is based on clinical findings of two or more cognitive deficits, progressive worsening of memory, and the results of a neuropsychological test. 2. [Body Par: 2] For a patient with Alzheimer�s disease, the nursing care plan should focus on safety measures. For a patient with Alzheimer�s disease, the nursing care plan should focus on safety measures. 3. [Body Par: 3] Factors that contribute to the death of patients with Alzheimer�s disease include infection, malnutrition, and dehydration. Factors that contribute to the death of patients with Alzheimer�s disease include infection, malnutrition, and dehydration. Speech Notes - Slide 28 1. [Body Par: 1] The diagnosis of Alzheimer�s disease is based on clinical findings of two or more cognitive deficits, progressive worsening of memory, and the results of a neuropsychological test. The diagnosis of Alzheimer�s disease is based on clinical findings of two or more cognitive deficits, progressive worsening of memory, and the results of a neuropsychological test. 2. [Body Par: 2] For a patient with Alzheimer�s disease, the nursing care plan should focus on safety measures. For a patient with Alzheimer�s disease, the nursing care plan should focus on safety measures. 3. [Body Par: 3] Factors that contribute to the death of patients with Alzheimer�s disease include infection, malnutrition, and dehydration. Factors that contribute to the death of patients with Alzheimer�s disease include infection, malnutrition, and dehydration.

27. Alzheimer�s Disease The early stage of Alzheimer�s disease lasts 2 to 4 years. Patients have inappropriate affect, transient paranoia, disorientation to time, memory loss, careless dressing, and impaired judgment. The symptoms of Alzheimer�s disease have an insidious onset. Speech Notes - Slide 29 1. [Body Par: 1] The early stage of Alzheimer�s disease lasts 2 to 4 years. The early stage of Alzheimer�s disease lasts 2 to 4 years. 2. [Body Par: 2] Patients have inappropriate affect, transient paranoia, disorientation to time, memory loss, careless dressing, and impaired judgment. Patients have inappropriate affect, transient paranoia, disorientation to time, memory loss, careless dressing, and impaired judgment. 3. [Body Par: 3] The symptoms of Alzheimer�s disease have an insidious onset. The symptoms of Alzheimer�s disease have an insidious onset. Speech Notes - Slide 29 1. [Body Par: 1] The early stage of Alzheimer�s disease lasts 2 to 4 years. The early stage of Alzheimer�s disease lasts 2 to 4 years. 2. [Body Par: 2] Patients have inappropriate affect, transient paranoia, disorientation to time, memory loss, careless dressing, and impaired judgment. Patients have inappropriate affect, transient paranoia, disorientation to time, memory loss, careless dressing, and impaired judgment. 3. [Body Par: 3] The symptoms of Alzheimer�s disease have an insidious onset. The symptoms of Alzheimer�s disease have an insidious onset.

28. Ambulation Before ambulating, a postoperative patient should dangle his legs over the side of the bed and perform deep-breathing exercises. Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply.� Speech Notes - Slide 30 1. [Body Par: 1] Before ambulating, a postoperative patient should dangle his legs over the side of the bed and perform deep-breathing exercises. Before ambulating, a postoperative patient should dangle his legs over the side of the bed and perform deep-breathing exercises. 2. [Body Par: 2] Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. 3. [Body Par: 3] Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply. Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply. Speech Notes - Slide 30 1. [Body Par: 1] Before ambulating, a postoperative patient should dangle his legs over the side of the bed and perform deep-breathing exercises. Before ambulating, a postoperative patient should dangle his legs over the side of the bed and perform deep-breathing exercises. 2. [Body Par: 2] Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. 3. [Body Par: 3] Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply. Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply.

29. Aminoglycosides Aminoglycosides are natural antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria. They must be used with caution because they can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Speech Notes - Slide 31 1. [Body Par: 1] Aminoglycosides are natural antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides are natural antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria. 2. [Body Par: 2] They must be used with caution because they can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They must be used with caution because they can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Speech Notes - Slide 31 1. [Body Par: 1] Aminoglycosides are natural antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides are natural antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria. 2. [Body Par: 2] They must be used with caution because they can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They must be used with caution because they can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.

30. Amitriptyline Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil) shouldn�t be administered to patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or coronary artery disease. Speech Notes - Slide 32 1. [Body Par: 1] Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil) shouldn�t be administered to patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or coronary artery disease. Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil) shouldn�t be administered to patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or coronary artery disease. Speech Notes - Slide 32 1. [Body Par: 1] Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil) shouldn�t be administered to patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or coronary artery disease. Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil) shouldn�t be administered to patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or coronary artery disease.

31. Amputation For the first 24 hours after amputation, the nurse should elevate the stump to prevent edema. After an amputation, moist skin may indicate venous stasis; dry skin may indicate arterial obstruction. To promote venous return after an amputation, the nurse should wrap an elastic bandage around the distal end of the stump. At discharge, an amputee should be able to demonstrate proper stump care and perform stump-toughening exercises. Speech Notes - Slide 33 1. [Body Par: 1] For the first 24 hours after amputation, the nurse should elevate the stump to prevent edema. For the first 24 hours after amputation, the nurse should elevate the stump to prevent edema. 2. [Body Par: 2] After an amputation, moist skin may indicate venous stasis; dry skin may indicate arterial obstruction. After an amputation, moist skin may indicate venous stasis; dry skin may indicate arterial obstruction. 3. [Body Par: 3] To promote venous return after an amputation, the nurse should wrap an elastic bandage around the distal end of the stump. To promote venous return after an amputation, the nurse should wrap an elastic bandage around the distal end of the stump. 4. [Body Par: 4] At discharge, an amputee should be able to demonstrate proper stump care and perform stump-toughening exercises. At discharge, an amputee should be able to demonstrate proper stump care and perform stump-toughening exercises. Speech Notes - Slide 33 1. [Body Par: 1] For the first 24 hours after amputation, the nurse should elevate the stump to prevent edema. For the first 24 hours after amputation, the nurse should elevate the stump to prevent edema. 2. [Body Par: 2] After an amputation, moist skin may indicate venous stasis; dry skin may indicate arterial obstruction. After an amputation, moist skin may indicate venous stasis; dry skin may indicate arterial obstruction. 3. [Body Par: 3] To promote venous return after an amputation, the nurse should wrap an elastic bandage around the distal end of the stump. To promote venous return after an amputation, the nurse should wrap an elastic bandage around the distal end of the stump. 4. [Body Par: 4] At discharge, an amputee should be able to demonstrate proper stump care and perform stump-toughening exercises. At discharge, an amputee should be able to demonstrate proper stump care and perform stump-toughening exercises.

32. Amputation After an amputation, the stump may shrink because of muscle atrophy and decreased subcutaneous fat. Immediately after amputation, patient care includes monitoring drainage from the stump, positioning the affected limb, assisting with exercises prescribed by a physical therapist, and wrapping and conditioning the stump. The patient who has a lower limb amputation should be instructed to assume a prone position at least twice a day. Speech Notes - Slide 34 1. [Body Par: 1] After an amputation, the stump may shrink because of muscle atrophy and decreased subcutaneous fat. After an amputation, the stump may shrink because of muscle atrophy and decreased subcutaneous fat. 2. [Body Par: 2] Immediately after amputation, patient care includes monitoring drainage from the stump, positioning the affected limb, assisting with exercises prescribed by a physical therapist, and wrapping and conditioning the stump. Immediately after amputation, patient care includes monitoring drainage from the stump, positioning the affected limb, assisting with exercises prescribed by a physical therapist, and wrapping and conditioning the stump. 3. [Body Par: 3] The patient who has a lower limb amputation should be instructed to assume a prone position at least twice a day. The patient who has a lower limb amputation should be instructed to assume a prone position at least twice a day. Speech Notes - Slide 34 1. [Body Par: 1] After an amputation, the stump may shrink because of muscle atrophy and decreased subcutaneous fat. After an amputation, the stump may shrink because of muscle atrophy and decreased subcutaneous fat. 2. [Body Par: 2] Immediately after amputation, patient care includes monitoring drainage from the stump, positioning the affected limb, assisting with exercises prescribed by a physical therapist, and wrapping and conditioning the stump. Immediately after amputation, patient care includes monitoring drainage from the stump, positioning the affected limb, assisting with exercises prescribed by a physical therapist, and wrapping and conditioning the stump. 3. [Body Par: 3] The patient who has a lower limb amputation should be instructed to assume a prone position at least twice a day. The patient who has a lower limb amputation should be instructed to assume a prone position at least twice a day.

33. Analgesics Full agonist analgesics include morphine, codeine, meperidine (Demerol), propoxyphene (Darvon), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid).� Speech Notes - Slide 35 1. [Body Par: 1] Full agonist analgesics include morphine, codeine, meperidine (Demerol), propoxyphene (Darvon), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Full agonist analgesics include morphine, codeine, meperidine (Demerol), propoxyphene (Darvon), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Speech Notes - Slide 35 1. [Body Par: 1] Full agonist analgesics include morphine, codeine, meperidine (Demerol), propoxyphene (Darvon), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Full agonist analgesics include morphine, codeine, meperidine (Demerol), propoxyphene (Darvon), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid).

34. Anaphylaxis The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are commonly caused by histamine release. Speech Notes - Slide 36 1. [Body Par: 1] The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are commonly caused by histamine release. The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are commonly caused by histamine release. Speech Notes - Slide 36 1. [Body Par: 1] The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are commonly caused by histamine release. The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are commonly caused by histamine release.

35. Anemia Anemia can be divided into four groups according to its cause: blood loss, impaired production of red blood cells (RBCs), increased destruction of RBCs, and nutritional deficiencies.� Speech Notes - Slide 37 1. [Body Par: 1] Anemia can be divided into four groups according to its cause: blood loss, impaired production of red blood cells (RBCs), increased destruction of RBCs, and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia can be divided into four groups according to its cause: blood loss, impaired production of red blood cells (RBCs), increased destruction of RBCs, and nutritional deficiencies. Speech Notes - Slide 37 1. [Body Par: 1] Anemia can be divided into four groups according to its cause: blood loss, impaired production of red blood cells (RBCs), increased destruction of RBCs, and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia can be divided into four groups according to its cause: blood loss, impaired production of red blood cells (RBCs), increased destruction of RBCs, and nutritional deficiencies.

36. Anesthetics Mild reactions to local anesthetics may include palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, apprehension, confusion, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Ultra-short-acting barbiturates, such as thiopental (Pentothal), are used as injection anesthetics when a short duration of anesthesia is needed such as outpatient surgery. Speech Notes - Slide 38 1. [Body Par: 1] Mild reactions to local anesthetics may include palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, apprehension, confusion, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Mild reactions to local anesthetics may include palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, apprehension, confusion, and a metallic taste in the mouth. 2. [Body Par: 2] Ultra-short-acting barbiturates, such as thiopental (Pentothal), are used as injection anesthetics when a short duration of anesthesia is needed such as outpatient surgery. Ultra-short-acting barbiturates, such as thiopental (Pentothal), are used as injection anesthetics when a short duration of anesthesia is needed such as outpatient surgery. Speech Notes - Slide 38 1. [Body Par: 1] Mild reactions to local anesthetics may include palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, apprehension, confusion, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Mild reactions to local anesthetics may include palpitations, tinnitus, vertigo, apprehension, confusion, and a metallic taste in the mouth. 2. [Body Par: 2] Ultra-short-acting barbiturates, such as thiopental (Pentothal), are used as injection anesthetics when a short duration of anesthesia is needed such as outpatient surgery. Ultra-short-acting barbiturates, such as thiopental (Pentothal), are used as injection anesthetics when a short duration of anesthesia is needed such as outpatient surgery.

37. Angina Angina pectoris is characterized by substernal pain that lasts for 2 to 3 minutes. The pain, which is caused by myocardial ischemia, may radiate to the neck, shoulders, or jaw; is described as viselike, or constricting; and may be accompanied by severe apprehension or a feeling of impending doom. The nurse should instruct a patient with angina to take a nitroglycerin tablet before anticipated stress or exercise or, if the angina is nocturnal, at bedtime. Speech Notes - Slide 39 1. [Body Par: 1] Angina pectoris is characterized by substernal pain that lasts for 2 to 3 minutes. Angina pectoris is characterized by substernal pain that lasts for 2 to 3 minutes. 2. [Body Par: 2] The pain, which is caused by myocardial ischemia, may radiate to the neck, shoulders, or jaw; is described as viselike, or constricting; and may be accompanied by severe apprehension or a feeling of impending doom. The pain, which is caused by myocardial ischemia, may radiate to the neck, shoulders, or jaw; is described as viselike, or constricting; and may be accompanied by severe apprehension or a feeling of impending doom. 3. [Body Par: 3] The nurse should instruct a patient with angina to take a nitroglycerin tablet before anticipated stress or exercise or, if the angina is nocturnal, at bedtime. The nurse should instruct a patient with angina to take a nitroglycerin tablet before anticipated stress or exercise or, if the angina is nocturnal, at bedtime. Speech Notes - Slide 39 1. [Body Par: 1] Angina pectoris is characterized by substernal pain that lasts for 2 to 3 minutes. Angina pectoris is characterized by substernal pain that lasts for 2 to 3 minutes. 2. [Body Par: 2] The pain, which is caused by myocardial ischemia, may radiate to the neck, shoulders, or jaw; is described as viselike, or constricting; and may be accompanied by severe apprehension or a feeling of impending doom. The pain, which is caused by myocardial ischemia, may radiate to the neck, shoulders, or jaw; is described as viselike, or constricting; and may be accompanied by severe apprehension or a feeling of impending doom. 3. [Body Par: 3] The nurse should instruct a patient with angina to take a nitroglycerin tablet before anticipated stress or exercise or, if the angina is nocturnal, at bedtime. The nurse should instruct a patient with angina to take a nitroglycerin tablet before anticipated stress or exercise or, if the angina is nocturnal, at bedtime.

38. Angina The primary difference between the pain of angina and that of a myocardial infarction is its duration. During an anginal attack, the cells of the heart convert to anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid as a waste product. As the level of lactic acid increases, pain develops. A patient who has anginal pain that radiates or worsens and doesn�t subside should be evaluated at an emergency medical facility. A 12-lead electrocardiogram reading should be obtained during a myocardial infarction or an anginal attack. Speech Notes - Slide 40 1. [Body Par: 1] The primary difference between the pain of angina and that of a myocardial infarction is its duration. The primary difference between the pain of angina and that of a myocardial infarction is its duration. 2. [Body Par: 2] During an anginal attack, the cells of the heart convert to anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid as a waste product. During an anginal attack, the cells of the heart convert to anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid as a waste product. 3. [Body Par: 3] As the level of lactic acid increases, pain develops. As the level of lactic acid increases, pain develops. 4. [Body Par: 4] A patient who has anginal pain that radiates or worsens and doesn�t subside should be evaluated at an emergency medical facility. A patient who has anginal pain that radiates or worsens and doesn�t subside should be evaluated at an emergency medical facility. 5. [Body Par: 5] A 12-lead electrocardiogram reading should be obtained during a myocardial infarction or an anginal attack. A 12-lead electrocardiogram reading should be obtained during a myocardial infarction or an anginal attack. Speech Notes - Slide 40 1. [Body Par: 1] The primary difference between the pain of angina and that of a myocardial infarction is its duration. The primary difference between the pain of angina and that of a myocardial infarction is its duration. 2. [Body Par: 2] During an anginal attack, the cells of the heart convert to anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid as a waste product. During an anginal attack, the cells of the heart convert to anaerobic metabolism, which produces lactic acid as a waste product. 3. [Body Par: 3] As the level of lactic acid increases, pain develops. As the level of lactic acid increases, pain develops. 4. [Body Par: 4] A patient who has anginal pain that radiates or worsens and doesn�t subside should be evaluated at an emergency medical facility. A patient who has anginal pain that radiates or worsens and doesn�t subside should be evaluated at an emergency medical facility. 5. [Body Par: 5] A 12-lead electrocardiogram reading should be obtained during a myocardial infarction or an anginal attack. A 12-lead electrocardiogram reading should be obtained during a myocardial infarction or an anginal attack.

39. ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, such as captopril (Capoten) and enalapril (Vasotec), decrease blood pressure by interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). Speech Notes - Slide 41 1. [Body Par: 1] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, such as captopril (Capoten) and enalapril (Vasotec), decrease blood pressure by interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, such as captopril (Capoten) and enalapril (Vasotec), decrease blood pressure by interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. 2. [Body Par: 2] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). 3. [Title] ACE Inhibitors ACE Inhibitors Speech Notes - Slide 41 1. [Body Par: 1] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, such as captopril (Capoten) and enalapril (Vasotec), decrease blood pressure by interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, such as captopril (Capoten) and enalapril (Vasotec), decrease blood pressure by interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. 2. [Body Par: 2] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril and enalapril maleate (Vasotec). 3. [Title] ACE Inhibitors ACE Inhibitors

40. Anorexia Nervosa In a patient who has anorexia nervosa, the highest treatment priority is correction of nutritional and electrolyte imbalances. Signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa include amenorrhea, excessive weight loss, lanugo, abdominal distention, and electrolyte disturbances. Patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia must be observed during meals and for some time afterward to ensure that they don�t purge what they have eaten. Speech Notes - Slide 42 1. [Body Par: 1] In a patient who has anorexia nervosa, the highest treatment priority is correction of nutritional and electrolyte imbalances. In a patient who has anorexia nervosa, the highest treatment priority is correction of nutritional and electrolyte imbalances. 2. [Body Par: 2] Signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa include amenorrhea, excessive weight loss, lanugo, abdominal distention, and electrolyte disturbances. Signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa include amenorrhea, excessive weight loss, lanugo, abdominal distention, and electrolyte disturbances. 3. [Body Par: 3] Patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia must be observed during meals and for some time afterward to ensure that they don�t purge what they have eaten. Patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia must be observed during meals and for some time afterward to ensure that they don�t purge what they have eaten. Speech Notes - Slide 42 1. [Body Par: 1] In a patient who has anorexia nervosa, the highest treatment priority is correction of nutritional and electrolyte imbalances. In a patient who has anorexia nervosa, the highest treatment priority is correction of nutritional and electrolyte imbalances. 2. [Body Par: 2] Signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa include amenorrhea, excessive weight loss, lanugo, abdominal distention, and electrolyte disturbances. Signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa include amenorrhea, excessive weight loss, lanugo, abdominal distention, and electrolyte disturbances. 3. [Body Par: 3] Patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia must be observed during meals and for some time afterward to ensure that they don�t purge what they have eaten. Patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia must be observed during meals and for some time afterward to ensure that they don�t purge what they have eaten.

41. Antacids Patients shouldn�t take bisacodyl, antacids, and dairy products all at the same time.� Speech Notes - Slide 43 1. [Body Par: 1] Patients shouldn�t take bisacodyl, antacids, and dairy products all at the same time. Patients shouldn�t take bisacodyl, antacids, and dairy products all at the same time. Speech Notes - Slide 43 1. [Body Par: 1] Patients shouldn�t take bisacodyl, antacids, and dairy products all at the same time. Patients shouldn�t take bisacodyl, antacids, and dairy products all at the same time.

42. Antiarrhythmic Agents Antiarrhythmic agents include quinidine gluconate (Quinaglute), lidocaine hydrochloride, and procainamide hydrochloride (Pronestyl). Speech Notes - Slide 44 1. [Body Par: 1] Antiarrhythmic agents include quinidine gluconate (Quinaglute), lidocaine hydrochloride, and procainamide hydrochloride (Pronestyl). Antiarrhythmic agents include quinidine gluconate (Quinaglute), lidocaine hydrochloride, and procainamide hydrochloride (Pronestyl). Speech Notes - Slide 44 1. [Body Par: 1] Antiarrhythmic agents include quinidine gluconate (Quinaglute), lidocaine hydrochloride, and procainamide hydrochloride (Pronestyl). Antiarrhythmic agents include quinidine gluconate (Quinaglute), lidocaine hydrochloride, and procainamide hydrochloride (Pronestyl).

43. Antibiotics Antibiotics aren�t effective against viruses, protozoa, or parasites. Antibiotics that are given four times a day should be given at 6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., and 12 a.m. to minimize disruption of sleep. I.V. antibiotic therapy is used to treat a child who has bacterial meningitis so that the drug will penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Speech Notes - Slide 45 1. [Body Par: 1] Antibiotics aren�t effective against viruses, protozoa, or parasites. Antibiotics aren�t effective against viruses, protozoa, or parasites. 2. [Body Par: 2] Antibiotics that are given four times a day should be given at 6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., and 12 a.m. to minimize disruption of sleep. Antibiotics that are given four times a day should be given at 6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., and 12 a.m. to minimize disruption of sleep. 3. [Body Par: 3] I.V. antibiotic therapy is used to treat a child who has bacterial meningitis so that the drug will penetrate the blood-brain barrier. I.V. antibiotic therapy is used to treat a child who has bacterial meningitis so that the drug will penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Speech Notes - Slide 45 1. [Body Par: 1] Antibiotics aren�t effective against viruses, protozoa, or parasites. Antibiotics aren�t effective against viruses, protozoa, or parasites. 2. [Body Par: 2] Antibiotics that are given four times a day should be given at 6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., and 12 a.m. to minimize disruption of sleep. Antibiotics that are given four times a day should be given at 6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., and 12 a.m. to minimize disruption of sleep. 3. [Body Par: 3] I.V. antibiotic therapy is used to treat a child who has bacterial meningitis so that the drug will penetrate the blood-brain barrier. I.V. antibiotic therapy is used to treat a child who has bacterial meningitis so that the drug will penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

44. Anticholinergic Agents Anticholinergic medication is administered before surgery to diminish secretion of saliva and gastric juices. Speech Notes - Slide 46 1. [Body Par: 1] Anticholinergic medication is administered before surgery to diminish secretion of saliva and gastric juices. Anticholinergic medication is administered before surgery to diminish secretion of saliva and gastric juices. Speech Notes - Slide 46 1. [Body Par: 1] Anticholinergic medication is administered before surgery to diminish secretion of saliva and gastric juices. Anticholinergic medication is administered before surgery to diminish secretion of saliva and gastric juices.

45. Anticoagulants Drugs that potentiate the effects of anticoagulants include aspirin, chloral hydrate, glucagon, anabolic steroids, and chloramphenicol. Excessive intake of vitamin K may significantly antagonize the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (Coumadin). The patient should be cautioned to avoid eating an excessive amount of leafy green vegetables. Anticoagulants can�t dissolve a formed thrombus. A patient who is receiving anticoagulant therapy should take acetaminophen instead of aspirin for pain relief. Speech Notes - Slide 47 1. [Title] Anticoagulants Anticoagulants 2. [Body Par: 1] Drugs that potentiate the effects of anticoagulants include aspirin, chloral hydrate, glucagon, anabolic steroids, and chloramphenicol. Drugs that potentiate the effects of anticoagulants include aspirin, chloral hydrate, glucagon, anabolic steroids, and chloramphenicol. 3. [Body Par: 2] Excessive intake of vitamin K may significantly antagonize the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (Coumadin). The patient should be cautioned to avoid eating an excessive amount of leafy green vegetables. Excessive intake of vitamin K may significantly antagonize the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (Coumadin). The patient should be cautioned to avoid eating an excessive amount of leafy green vegetables. 4. [Body Par: 3] Anticoagulants can�t dissolve a formed thrombus. Anticoagulants can�t dissolve a formed thrombus. 5. [Body Par: 4] A patient who is receiving anticoagulant therapy should take acetaminophen instead of aspirin for pain relief. A patient who is receiving anticoagulant therapy should take acetaminophen instead of aspirin for pain relief. Speech Notes - Slide 47 1. [Title] Anticoagulants Anticoagulants 2. [Body Par: 1] Drugs that potentiate the effects of anticoagulants include aspirin, chloral hydrate, glucagon, anabolic steroids, and chloramphenicol. Drugs that potentiate the effects of anticoagulants include aspirin, chloral hydrate, glucagon, anabolic steroids, and chloramphenicol. 3. [Body Par: 2] Excessive intake of vitamin K may significantly antagonize the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (Coumadin). The patient should be cautioned to avoid eating an excessive amount of leafy green vegetables. Excessive intake of vitamin K may significantly antagonize the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (Coumadin). The patient should be cautioned to avoid eating an excessive amount of leafy green vegetables. 4. [Body Par: 3] Anticoagulants can�t dissolve a formed thrombus. Anticoagulants can�t dissolve a formed thrombus. 5. [Body Par: 4] A patient who is receiving anticoagulant therapy should take acetaminophen instead of aspirin for pain relief. A patient who is receiving anticoagulant therapy should take acetaminophen instead of aspirin for pain relief.

46. Antidiabetic Agents Oral antidiabetic agents, such as chlorpropamide (Diabinese) and tolbutamide (Orinase), stimulate insulin release from beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Oral hypoglycemic agents stimulate the islets of Langerhans to produce insulin. Speech Notes - Slide 3 1. [Title] Antidiabetic Agents Antidiabetic Agents 2. [Body Par: 1] Oral antidiabetic agents, such as chlorpropamide (Diabinese) and tolbutamide (Orinase), stimulate insulin release from beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Oral antidiabetic agents, such as chlorpropamide (Diabinese) and tolbutamide (Orinase), stimulate insulin release from beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. 3. [Body Par: 2] Oral hypoglycemic agents stimulate the islets of Langerhans to produce insulin. Oral hypoglycemic agents stimulate the islets of Langerhans to produce insulin. Speech Notes - Slide 3 1. [Title] Antidiabetic Agents Antidiabetic Agents 2. [Body Par: 1] Oral antidiabetic agents, such as chlorpropamide (Diabinese) and tolbutamide (Orinase), stimulate insulin release from beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Oral antidiabetic agents, such as chlorpropamide (Diabinese) and tolbutamide (Orinase), stimulate insulin release from beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. 3. [Body Par: 2] Oral hypoglycemic agents stimulate the islets of Langerhans to produce insulin. Oral hypoglycemic agents stimulate the islets of Langerhans to produce insulin.

47. Antiembolism Stockings Antiembolism stockings decompress the superficial blood vessels, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. Antiembolism stockings should be worn around the clock, but should be removed twice a day for 30 minutes so that skin care can be performed. Speech Notes - Slide 4 1. [Title] Antiembolism Stockings Antiembolism Stockings 2. [Body Par: 1] Antiembolism stockings decompress the superficial blood vessels, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. Antiembolism stockings decompress the superficial blood vessels, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. 3. [Body Par: 2] Antiembolism stockings should be worn around the clock, but should be removed twice a day for 30 minutes so that skin care can be performed. Antiembolism stockings should be worn around the clock, but should be removed twice a day for 30 minutes so that skin care can be performed. Speech Notes - Slide 4 1. [Title] Antiembolism Stockings Antiembolism Stockings 2. [Body Par: 1] Antiembolism stockings decompress the superficial blood vessels, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. Antiembolism stockings decompress the superficial blood vessels, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. 3. [Body Par: 2] Antiembolism stockings should be worn around the clock, but should be removed twice a day for 30 minutes so that skin care can be performed. Antiembolism stockings should be worn around the clock, but should be removed twice a day for 30 minutes so that skin care can be performed.

48. Antihistamines The classic adverse reactions to antihistamines are dry mouth, drowsiness, and blurred vision. Speech Notes - Slide 5 1. [Title] Antihistamines Antihistamines 2. [Body Par: 1] The classic adverse reactions to antihistamines are dry mouth, drowsiness, and blurred vision. The classic adverse reactions to antihistamines are dry mouth, drowsiness, and blurred vision. Speech Notes - Slide 5 1. [Title] Antihistamines Antihistamines 2. [Body Par: 1] The classic adverse reactions to antihistamines are dry mouth, drowsiness, and blurred vision. The classic adverse reactions to antihistamines are dry mouth, drowsiness, and blurred vision.

49. Antihypertensive Drugs Antihypertensive drugs include hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline) and methyldopa (Aldomet). Speech Notes - Slide 6 1. [Title] Antihypertensive Drugs Antihypertensive Drugs 2. [Body Par: 1] Antihypertensive drugs include hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline) and methyldopa (Aldomet). Antihypertensive drugs include hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline) and methyldopa (Aldomet). Speech Notes - Slide 6 1. [Title] Antihypertensive Drugs Antihypertensive Drugs 2. [Body Par: 1] Antihypertensive drugs include hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline) and methyldopa (Aldomet). Antihypertensive drugs include hydralazine hydrochloride (Apresoline) and methyldopa (Aldomet).

50. Antisocial Personality Disorder A patient with antisocial personality disorder often engages in confrontations with authority figures, such as police, parents, and school officials. Speech Notes - Slide 7 1. [Title] Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder 2. [Body Par: 1] A patient with antisocial personality disorder often engages in confrontations with authority figures, such as police, parents, and school officials. A patient with antisocial personality disorder often engages in confrontations with authority figures, such as police, parents, and school officials. Speech Notes - Slide 7 1. [Title] Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder 2. [Body Par: 1] A patient with antisocial personality disorder often engages in confrontations with authority figures, such as police, parents, and school officials. A patient with antisocial personality disorder often engages in confrontations with authority figures, such as police, parents, and school officials.

51. Anuria Anuria is daily urine output of less than 100 ml. Speech Notes - Slide 53 1. [Body Par: 1] Anuria is daily urine output of less than 100 ml. Anuria is daily urine output of less than 100 ml. Speech Notes - Slide 53 1. [Body Par: 1] Anuria is daily urine output of less than 100 ml. Anuria is daily urine output of less than 100 ml.

52. Anxiety Moderate anxiety decreases a person�s ability to perceive and concentrate. The person is selectively inattentive (focuses on immediate concerns), and the perceptual field narrows. Anxiety is nonspecific; fear is specific. Anxiety is the most common cause of chest pain. Speech Notes - Slide 9 1. [Title] Anxiety Anxiety 2. [Body Par: 1] Moderate anxiety decreases a person�s ability to perceive and concentrate. Moderate anxiety decreases a person�s ability to perceive and concentrate. 3. [Body Par: 2] The person is selectively inattentive (focuses on immediate concerns), and the perceptual field narrows. The person is selectively inattentive (focuses on immediate concerns), and the perceptual field narrows. 4. [Body Par: 3] Anxiety is nonspecific; fear is specific. Anxiety is nonspecific; fear is specific. 5. [Body Par: 4] Anxiety is the most common cause of chest pain. Anxiety is the most common cause of chest pain. Speech Notes - Slide 9 1. [Title] Anxiety Anxiety 2. [Body Par: 1] Moderate anxiety decreases a person�s ability to perceive and concentrate. Moderate anxiety decreases a person�s ability to perceive and concentrate. 3. [Body Par: 2] The person is selectively inattentive (focuses on immediate concerns), and the perceptual field narrows. The person is selectively inattentive (focuses on immediate concerns), and the perceptual field narrows. 4. [Body Par: 3] Anxiety is nonspecific; fear is specific. Anxiety is nonspecific; fear is specific. 5. [Body Par: 4] Anxiety is the most common cause of chest pain. Anxiety is the most common cause of chest pain.

53. Aortic Aneurysm An aortic aneurysm can be heard just over the umbilical area and can be detected as an abdominal pulsation (bruit). Aortic Dissection In a patient who has acute aortic dissection, the nursing priority is to maintain the mean arterial pressure between 60 and 65 mm Hg. A vasodilator such as nitroprusside (Nitropress) may be needed to achieve this goal. Speech Notes - Slide 10 1. [Title] Aortic Aneurysm Aortic Aneurysm 2. [Body Par: 1] An aortic aneurysm can be heard just over the umbilical area and can be detected as an abdominal pulsation (bruit). An aortic aneurysm can be heard just over the umbilical area and can be detected as an abdominal pulsation (bruit). 3. [Body Par: 3] Aortic Dissection Aortic Dissection 4. [Body Par: 4] In a patient who has acute aortic dissection, the nursing priority is to maintain the mean arterial pressure between 60 and 65 mm Hg. In a patient who has acute aortic dissection, the nursing priority is to maintain the mean arterial pressure between 60 and 65 mm Hg. 5. [Body Par: 5] A vasodilator such as nitroprusside (Nitropress) may be needed to achieve this goal. A vasodilator such as nitroprusside (Nitropress) may be needed to achieve this goal. Speech Notes - Slide 10 1. [Title] Aortic Aneurysm Aortic Aneurysm 2. [Body Par: 1] An aortic aneurysm can be heard just over the umbilical area and can be detected as an abdominal pulsation (bruit). An aortic aneurysm can be heard just over the umbilical area and can be detected as an abdominal pulsation (bruit). 3. [Body Par: 3] Aortic Dissection Aortic Dissection 4. [Body Par: 4] In a patient who has acute aortic dissection, the nursing priority is to maintain the mean arterial pressure between 60 and 65 mm Hg. In a patient who has acute aortic dissection, the nursing priority is to maintain the mean arterial pressure between 60 and 65 mm Hg. 5. [Body Par: 5] A vasodilator such as nitroprusside (Nitropress) may be needed to achieve this goal. A vasodilator such as nitroprusside (Nitropress) may be needed to achieve this goal.

54. Aortic Stenosis Signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis include a loud, rough systolic murmur over the aortic area; exertional dyspnea; fatigue; angina pectoris; arrhythmias; low blood pressure; and emboli. Speech Notes - Slide 11 1. [Title] Aortic Stenosis Aortic Stenosis 2. [Body Par: 1] Signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis include a loud, rough systolic murmur over the aortic area; exertional dyspnea; fatigue; angina pectoris; arrhythmias; low blood pressure; and emboli. Signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis include a loud, rough systolic murmur over the aortic area; exertional dyspnea; fatigue; angina pectoris; arrhythmias; low blood pressure; and emboli. Speech Notes - Slide 11 1. [Title] Aortic Stenosis Aortic Stenosis 2. [Body Par: 1] Signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis include a loud, rough systolic murmur over the aortic area; exertional dyspnea; fatigue; angina pectoris; arrhythmias; low blood pressure; and emboli. Signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis include a loud, rough systolic murmur over the aortic area; exertional dyspnea; fatigue; angina pectoris; arrhythmias; low blood pressure; and emboli.

55. Appendicitis A sign of acute appendicitis, McBurney�s sign is tenderness at McBurney�s point (about 2 inches [5 cm] from the right anterior superior iliac spine on a line between the spine and the umbilicus). The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. Signs of appendicitis include right abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity and rebound tenderness, nausea, and anorexia. Speech Notes - Slide 13 1. [Title] Appendicitis Appendicitis 2. [Body Par: 1] A sign of acute appendicitis, McBurney�s sign is tenderness at McBurney�s point (about 2 inches [5 cm] from the right anterior superior iliac spine on a line between the spine and the umbilicus). A sign of acute appendicitis, McBurney�s sign is tenderness at McBurney�s point (about 2 inches [5 cm] from the right anterior superior iliac spine on a line between the spine and the umbilicus). 3. [Body Par: 2] The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. 4. [Body Par: 3] Signs of appendicitis include right abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity and rebound tenderness, nausea, and anorexia. Signs of appendicitis include right abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity and rebound tenderness, nausea, and anorexia. Speech Notes - Slide 13 1. [Title] Appendicitis Appendicitis 2. [Body Par: 1] A sign of acute appendicitis, McBurney�s sign is tenderness at McBurney�s point (about 2 inches [5 cm] from the right anterior superior iliac spine on a line between the spine and the umbilicus). A sign of acute appendicitis, McBurney�s sign is tenderness at McBurney�s point (about 2 inches [5 cm] from the right anterior superior iliac spine on a line between the spine and the umbilicus). 3. [Body Par: 2] The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. The nurse should use Fowler�s position for a patient who has abdominal pain caused by appendicitis. 4. [Body Par: 3] Signs of appendicitis include right abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity and rebound tenderness, nausea, and anorexia. Signs of appendicitis include right abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity and rebound tenderness, nausea, and anorexia.

56. Arrhythmias Are the predominant problem during the first 48 hours after a myocardial infarction. For a patient with heart failure, one of the most important nursing diagnoses is decreased cardiac output related to altered myocardial contractility, increased preload and afterload, and altered rate, rhythm, or electrical conduction. A decrease in the potassium level decreases the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides, increases the possibility of digoxin toxicity, and can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Speech Notes - Slide 15 1. [Title] Arrhythmias Arrhythmias 2. [Body Par: 1] Are the predominant problem during the first 48 hours after a myocardial infarction. Are the predominant problem during the first 48 hours after a myocardial infarction. 3. [Body Par: 2] For a patient with heart failure, one of the most important nursing diagnoses is decreased cardiac output related to altered myocardial contractility, increased preload and afterload, and altered rate, rhythm, or electrical conduction. For a patient with heart failure, one of the most important nursing diagnoses is decreased cardiac output related to altered myocardial contractility, increased preload and afterload, and altered rate, rhythm, or electrical conduction. 4. [Body Par: 3] A decrease in the potassium level decreases the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides, increases the possibility of digoxin toxicity, and can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. A decrease in the potassium level decreases the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides, increases the possibility of digoxin toxicity, and can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Speech Notes - Slide 15 1. [Title] Arrhythmias Arrhythmias 2. [Body Par: 1] Are the predominant problem during the first 48 hours after a myocardial infarction. Are the predominant problem during the first 48 hours after a myocardial infarction. 3. [Body Par: 2] For a patient with heart failure, one of the most important nursing diagnoses is decreased cardiac output related to altered myocardial contractility, increased preload and afterload, and altered rate, rhythm, or electrical conduction. For a patient with heart failure, one of the most important nursing diagnoses is decreased cardiac output related to altered myocardial contractility, increased preload and afterload, and altered rate, rhythm, or electrical conduction. 4. [Body Par: 3] A decrease in the potassium level decreases the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides, increases the possibility of digoxin toxicity, and can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. A decrease in the potassium level decreases the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides, increases the possibility of digoxin toxicity, and can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias.

57. Arterial Blood Arterial blood is bright red, flows rapidly, and (because it�s pumped directly from the heart) spurts with each heartbeat. Arterial blood gas analysis evaluates gas exchange in the lungs (alveolar ventilation) by measuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of an arterial sample. Speech Notes - Slide 16 1. [Title] Arterial Blood Arterial Blood 2. [Body Par: 1] Arterial blood is bright red, flows rapidly, and (because it�s pumped directly from the heart) spurts with each heartbeat. Arterial blood is bright red, flows rapidly, and (because it�s pumped directly from the heart) spurts with each heartbeat. 3. [Body Par: 2] Arterial blood gas analysis evaluates gas exchange in the lungs (alveolar ventilation) by measuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of an arterial sample. Arterial blood gas analysis evaluates gas exchange in the lungs (alveolar ventilation) by measuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of an arterial sample. Speech Notes - Slide 16 1. [Title] Arterial Blood Arterial Blood 2. [Body Par: 1] Arterial blood is bright red, flows rapidly, and (because it�s pumped directly from the heart) spurts with each heartbeat. Arterial blood is bright red, flows rapidly, and (because it�s pumped directly from the heart) spurts with each heartbeat. 3. [Body Par: 2] Arterial blood gas analysis evaluates gas exchange in the lungs (alveolar ventilation) by measuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of an arterial sample. Arterial blood gas analysis evaluates gas exchange in the lungs (alveolar ventilation) by measuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the pH of an arterial sample.

58. Arterial Disease The difference between acute and chronic arterial disease is that the acute disease process is life-threatening. Arterial Embolism An arterial embolism may cause pain, loss of sensory nerves, pallor, coolness, paralysis, pulselessness, or paresthesia in the affected arm or leg. Speech Notes - Slide 17 1. [Title] Arterial Disease Arterial Disease 2. [Body Par: 1] The difference between acute and chronic arterial disease is that the acute disease process is life-threatening. The difference between acute and chronic arterial disease is that the acute disease process is life-threatening. 3. [Body Par: 2] Arterial Embolism Arterial Embolism 4. [Body Par: 3] An arterial embolism may cause pain, loss of sensory nerves, pallor, coolness, paralysis, pulselessness, or paresthesia in the affected arm or leg. An arterial embolism may cause pain, loss of sensory nerves, pallor, coolness, paralysis, pulselessness, or paresthesia in the affected arm or leg. Speech Notes - Slide 17 1. [Title] Arterial Disease Arterial Disease 2. [Body Par: 1] The difference between acute and chronic arterial disease is that the acute disease process is life-threatening. The difference between acute and chronic arterial disease is that the acute disease process is life-threatening. 3. [Body Par: 2] Arterial Embolism Arterial Embolism 4. [Body Par: 3] An arterial embolism may cause pain, loss of sensory nerves, pallor, coolness, paralysis, pulselessness, or paresthesia in the affected arm or leg. An arterial embolism may cause pain, loss of sensory nerves, pallor, coolness, paralysis, pulselessness, or paresthesia in the affected arm or leg.

59. Arthritis In a patient with arthritis, physical therapy is indicated to promote optimal functioning. Arthrography Arthrography requires injection of a contrast medium and can identify joint abnormalities. Speech Notes - Slide 18 1. [Title] Arthritis Arthritis 2. [Body Par: 1] In a patient with arthritis, physical therapy is indicated to promote optimal functioning. In a patient with arthritis, physical therapy is indicated to promote optimal functioning. 3. [Body Par: 3] Arthrography Arthrography 4. [Body Par: 4] Arthrography requires injection of a contrast medium and can identify joint abnormalities. Arthrography requires injection of a contrast medium and can identify joint abnormalities. Speech Notes - Slide 18 1. [Title] Arthritis Arthritis 2. [Body Par: 1] In a patient with arthritis, physical therapy is indicated to promote optimal functioning. In a patient with arthritis, physical therapy is indicated to promote optimal functioning. 3. [Body Par: 3] Arthrography Arthrography 4. [Body Par: 4] Arthrography requires injection of a contrast medium and can identify joint abnormalities. Arthrography requires injection of a contrast medium and can identify joint abnormalities.

60. Ascites Is the accumulation of fluid, containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes, in the abdominal cavity. It�s commonly caused by cirrhosis. Ascites can be detected when more than 500 ml of fluid has collected in the intraperitoneal space. The nurse should place the patient with ascites in the semi-Fowler position because it permits maximum lung expansion. Speech Notes - Slide 20 1. [Title] Ascites Ascites 2. [Body Par: 1] Is the accumulation of fluid, containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes, in the abdominal cavity. It�s commonly caused by cirrhosis. Is the accumulation of fluid, containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes, in the abdominal cavity. It�s commonly caused by cirrhosis. 3. [Body Par: 2] Ascites can be detected when more than 500 ml of fluid has collected in the intraperitoneal space. Ascites can be detected when more than 500 ml of fluid has collected in the intraperitoneal space. 4. [Body Par: 3] The nurse should place the patient with ascites in the semi-Fowler position because it permits maximum lung expansion. The nurse should place the patient with ascites in the semi-Fowler position because it permits maximum lung expansion. Speech Notes - Slide 20 1. [Title] Ascites Ascites 2. [Body Par: 1] Is the accumulation of fluid, containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes, in the abdominal cavity. It�s commonly caused by cirrhosis. Is the accumulation of fluid, containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes, in the abdominal cavity. It�s commonly caused by cirrhosis. 3. [Body Par: 2] Ascites can be detected when more than 500 ml of fluid has collected in the intraperitoneal space. Ascites can be detected when more than 500 ml of fluid has collected in the intraperitoneal space. 4. [Body Par: 3] The nurse should place the patient with ascites in the semi-Fowler position because it permits maximum lung expansion. The nurse should place the patient with ascites in the semi-Fowler position because it permits maximum lung expansion.

61. Ascites In a patient who has edema or ascites, the serum electrolyte level should be monitored. The patient also should be weighed daily; have his abdominal girth measured with a centimeter tape at the same location, using the umbilicus as a checkpoint; have his intake and output measured; and have his blood pressure taken at least every 4 hours. A patient who has cirrhosis of the liver and ascites should follow a low-sodium diet. Speech Notes - Slide 21 1. [Body Par: 1] In a patient who has edema or ascites, the serum electrolyte level should be monitored. In a patient who has edema or ascites, the serum electrolyte level should be monitored. 2. [Body Par: 2] The patient also should be weighed daily; have his abdominal girth measured with a centimeter tape at the same location, The patient also should be weighed daily; have his abdominal girth measured with a centimeter tape at the same location, 3. [Body Par: 3] using the umbilicus as a checkpoint; have his intake and output measured; and have his blood pressure taken at least every 4 hours. using the umbilicus as a checkpoint; have his intake and output measured; and have his blood pressure taken at least every 4 hours. 4. [Body Par: 4] A patient who has cirrhosis of the liver and ascites should follow a low-sodium diet. A patient who has cirrhosis of the liver and ascites should follow a low-sodium diet. Speech Notes - Slide 21 1. [Body Par: 1] In a patient who has edema or ascites, the serum electrolyte level should be monitored. In a patient who has edema or ascites, the serum electrolyte level should be monitored. 2. [Body Par: 2] The patient also should be weighed daily; have his abdominal girth measured with a centimeter tape at the same location, The patient also should be weighed daily; have his abdominal girth measured with a centimeter tape at the same location, 3. [Body Par: 3] using the umbilicus as a checkpoint; have his intake and output measured; and have his blood pressure taken at least every 4 hours. using the umbilicus as a checkpoint; have his intake and output measured; and have his blood pressure taken at least every 4 hours. 4. [Body Par: 4] A patient who has cirrhosis of the liver and ascites should follow a low-sodium diet. A patient who has cirrhosis of the liver and ascites should follow a low-sodium diet.

62. Aspirin A patient should be advised to take aspirin on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, and should avoid acidic foods such as coffee, citrus fruits, and cola. When using rotating tourniquets, the nurse shouldn�t restrict the blood supply to an arm or leg for more than 45 minutes at a time. A common symptom of salicylate (aspirin) toxicity is tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Speech Notes - Slide 23 1. [Title] Aspirin Aspirin 2. [Body Par: 1] A patient should be advised to take aspirin on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, and should avoid acidic foods such as coffee, citrus fruits, and cola. A patient should be advised to take aspirin on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, and should avoid acidic foods such as coffee, citrus fruits, and cola. 3. [Body Par: 2] When using rotating tourniquets, the nurse shouldn�t restrict the blood supply to an arm or leg for more than 45 minutes at a time. When using rotating tourniquets, the nurse shouldn�t restrict the blood supply to an arm or leg for more than 45 minutes at a time. 4. [Body Par: 3] A common symptom of salicylate (aspirin) toxicity is tinnitus (ringing in the ears). A common symptom of salicylate (aspirin) toxicity is tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Speech Notes - Slide 23 1. [Title] Aspirin Aspirin 2. [Body Par: 1] A patient should be advised to take aspirin on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, and should avoid acidic foods such as coffee, citrus fruits, and cola. A patient should be advised to take aspirin on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, and should avoid acidic foods such as coffee, citrus fruits, and cola. 3. [Body Par: 2] When using rotating tourniquets, the nurse shouldn�t restrict the blood supply to an arm or leg for more than 45 minutes at a time. When using rotating tourniquets, the nurse shouldn�t restrict the blood supply to an arm or leg for more than 45 minutes at a time. 4. [Body Par: 3] A common symptom of salicylate (aspirin) toxicity is tinnitus (ringing in the ears). A common symptom of salicylate (aspirin) toxicity is tinnitus (ringing in the ears).

63. Assault Threatening a patient with an injection for failing to take an oral drug is an example of assault. Speech Notes - Slide 24 1. [Title] Assault Assault 2. [Body Par: 1] Threatening a patient with an injection for failing to take an oral drug is an example of assault. Threatening a patient with an injection for failing to take an oral drug is an example of assault. Speech Notes - Slide 24 1. [Title] Assault Assault 2. [Body Par: 1] Threatening a patient with an injection for failing to take an oral drug is an example of assault. Threatening a patient with an injection for failing to take an oral drug is an example of assault.

64. Assessment Data Collection Assessment begins with the nurse�s first encounter with the patient and continues throughout the patient�s stay. The nurse obtains assessment data through the health history, physical examination, and review of diagnostic studies. A good way to begin a patient interview is to ask, �What made you seek medical help?� Asking a patient an open-ended question is one of the best ways to elicit or clarify information. Speech Notes - Slide 25 1. [Title] Assessment Data Collection Assessment Data Collection 2. [Body Par: 1] Assessment begins with the nurse�s first encounter with the patient and continues throughout the patient�s stay. Assessment begins with the nurse�s first encounter with the patient and continues throughout the patient�s stay. 3. [Body Par: 2] The nurse obtains assessment data through the health history, physical examination, and review of diagnostic studies. The nurse obtains assessment data through the health history, physical examination, and review of diagnostic studies. 4. [Body Par: 3] A good way to begin a patient interview is to ask, �What made you seek medical help?� A good way to begin a patient interview is to ask, �What made you seek medical help?� 5. [Body Par: 4] Asking a patient an open-ended question is one of the best ways to elicit or clarify information. Asking a patient an open-ended question is one of the best ways to elicit or clarify information. Speech Notes - Slide 25 1. [Title] Assessment Data Collection Assessment Data Collection 2. [Body Par: 1] Assessment begins with the nurse�s first encounter with the patient and continues throughout the patient�s stay. Assessment begins with the nurse�s first encounter with the patient and continues throughout the patient�s stay. 3. [Body Par: 2] The nurse obtains assessment data through the health history, physical examination, and review of diagnostic studies. The nurse obtains assessment data through the health history, physical examination, and review of diagnostic studies. 4. [Body Par: 3] A good way to begin a patient interview is to ask, �What made you seek medical help?� A good way to begin a patient interview is to ask, �What made you seek medical help?� 5. [Body Par: 4] Asking a patient an open-ended question is one of the best ways to elicit or clarify information. Asking a patient an open-ended question is one of the best ways to elicit or clarify information.

65. Asthma An asthma attack typically begins with wheezing, coughing, and increasing respiratory distress. When caring for a patient who has had an asthma attack, the nurse should place the patient in Fowler�s or semi-Fowler�s position. In a patient who is having an asthma attack, nursing interventions include administering oxygen and bronchodilators as prescribed, placing the patient in the semi-Fowler position, encouraging diaphragmatic breathing, and helping the patient to relax. URI�s can trigger asthma attacks. Speech Notes - Slide 68 1. [Body Par: 1] An asthma attack typically begins with wheezing, coughing, and increasing respiratory distress. An asthma attack typically begins with wheezing, coughing, and increasing respiratory distress. 2. [Body Par: 2] When caring for a patient who has had an asthma attack, the nurse should place the patient in Fowler�s or semi-Fowler�s position. When caring for a patient who has had an asthma attack, the nurse should place the patient in Fowler�s or semi-Fowler�s position. 3. [Body Par: 3] In a patient who is having an asthma attack, nursing interventions include administering oxygen and bronchodilators as prescribed, placing the patient in the semi-Fowler position, encouraging diaphragmatic breathing, and helping the patient to relax. In a patient who is having an asthma attack, nursing interventions include administering oxygen and bronchodilators as prescribed, placing the patient in the semi-Fowler position, encouraging diaphragmatic breathing, and helping the patient to relax. 4. [Body Par: 4] URI�s can trigger asthma attacks. URI�s can trigger asthma attacks. Speech Notes - Slide 68 1. [Body Par: 1] An asthma attack typically begins with wheezing, coughing, and increasing respiratory distress. An asthma attack typically begins with wheezing, coughing, and increasing respiratory distress. 2. [Body Par: 2] When caring for a patient who has had an asthma attack, the nurse should place the patient in Fowler�s or semi-Fowler�s position. When caring for a patient who has had an asthma attack, the nurse should place the patient in Fowler�s or semi-Fowler�s position. 3. [Body Par: 3] In a patient who is having an asthma attack, nursing interventions include administering oxygen and bronchodilators as prescribed, placing the patient in the semi-Fowler position, encouraging diaphragmatic breathing, and helping the patient to relax. In a patient who is having an asthma attack, nursing interventions include administering oxygen and bronchodilators as prescribed, placing the patient in the semi-Fowler position, encouraging diaphragmatic breathing, and helping the patient to relax. 4. [Body Par: 4] URI�s can trigger asthma attacks. URI�s can trigger asthma attacks.

66. Asthma Asthma is bronchoconstriction in response to allergens, such as food, pollen, and drugs; irritants, such as smoke and paint fumes; infections; weather changes; exercise; or gastroesophageal reflux. The clinical manifestations of asthma are wheezing, dyspnea, hypoxemia, diaphoresis, and increased heart and respiratory rate. Speech Notes - Slide 69 1. [Body Par: 1] Asthma is bronchoconstriction in response to allergens, such as food, pollen, and drugs; irritants, such as smoke and paint fumes; infections; weather changes; exercise; or gastroesophageal reflux. Asthma is bronchoconstriction in response to allergens, such as food, pollen, and drugs; irritants, such as smoke and paint fumes; infections; weather changes; exercise; or gastroesophageal reflux. 2. [Body Par: 2] The clinical manifestations of asthma are wheezing, dyspnea, hypoxemia, diaphoresis, and increased heart and respiratory rate. The clinical manifestations of asthma are wheezing, dyspnea, hypoxemia, diaphoresis, and increased heart and respiratory rate. Speech Notes - Slide 69 1. [Body Par: 1] Asthma is bronchoconstriction in response to allergens, such as food, pollen, and drugs; irritants, such as smoke and paint fumes; infections; weather changes; exercise; or gastroesophageal reflux. Asthma is bronchoconstriction in response to allergens, such as food, pollen, and drugs; irritants, such as smoke and paint fumes; infections; weather changes; exercise; or gastroesophageal reflux. 2. [Body Par: 2] The clinical manifestations of asthma are wheezing, dyspnea, hypoxemia, diaphoresis, and increased heart and respiratory rate. The clinical manifestations of asthma are wheezing, dyspnea, hypoxemia, diaphoresis, and increased heart and respiratory rate.

67. Ataxia Ataxia is impaired ability to coordinate movements. It�s caused by a cerebellar or spinal cord lesion. In ataxia caused by loss of position sense, vision compensates for the sensory loss. The patient stands well with the eyes open, but loses balance when they�re closed (positive Romberg test result). A patient with a disease of the cerebellum or posterior column has an ataxic gait that�s characterized by staggering and inability to remain steady when standing with the feet together. Speech Notes - Slide 70 1. [Body Par: 1] Ataxia is impaired ability to coordinate movements. It�s caused by a cerebellar or spinal cord lesion. Ataxia is impaired ability to coordinate movements. It�s caused by a cerebellar or spinal cord lesion. 2. [Body Par: 2] In ataxia caused by loss of position sense, vision compensates for the sensory loss. In ataxia caused by loss of position sense, vision compensates for the sensory loss. 3. [Body Par: 3] The patient stands well with the eyes open, but loses balance when they�re closed (positive Romberg test result). The patient stands well with the eyes open, but loses balance when they�re closed (positive Romberg test result). 4. [Body Par: 4] A patient with a disease of the cerebellum or posterior column has an ataxic gait that�s characterized by staggering and inability to remain steady when standing with the feet together. A patient with a disease of the cerebellum or posterior column has an ataxic gait that�s characterized by staggering and inability to remain steady when standing with the feet together. Speech Notes - Slide 70 1. [Body Par: 1] Ataxia is impaired ability to coordinate movements. It�s caused by a cerebellar or spinal cord lesion. Ataxia is impaired ability to coordinate movements. It�s caused by a cerebellar or spinal cord lesion. 2. [Body Par: 2] In ataxia caused by loss of position sense, vision compensates for the sensory loss. In ataxia caused by loss of position sense, vision compensates for the sensory loss. 3. [Body Par: 3] The patient stands well with the eyes open, but loses balance when they�re closed (positive Romberg test result). The patient stands well with the eyes open, but loses balance when they�re closed (positive Romberg test result). 4. [Body Par: 4] A patient with a disease of the cerebellum or posterior column has an ataxic gait that�s characterized by staggering and inability to remain steady when standing with the feet together. A patient with a disease of the cerebellum or posterior column has an ataxic gait that�s characterized by staggering and inability to remain steady when standing with the feet together.

68. Atelectasis Atelectasis is incomplete expansion of lung segments or lobules. It may cause the lung or lobe to collapse. The best method to reduce the risk for atelectasis is to encourage the patient to walk. Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply. Speech Notes - Slide 71 1. [Body Par: 1] Atelectasis is incomplete expansion of lung segments or lobules. Atelectasis is incomplete expansion of lung segments or lobules. 2. [Body Par: 2] It may cause the lung or lobe to collapse. It may cause the lung or lobe to collapse. 3. [Body Par: 3] The best method to reduce the risk for atelectasis is to encourage the patient to walk. The best method to reduce the risk for atelectasis is to encourage the patient to walk. 4. [Body Par: 4] Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. 5. [Body Par: 5] Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply. Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply. Speech Notes - Slide 71 1. [Body Par: 1] Atelectasis is incomplete expansion of lung segments or lobules. Atelectasis is incomplete expansion of lung segments or lobules. 2. [Body Par: 2] It may cause the lung or lobe to collapse. It may cause the lung or lobe to collapse. 3. [Body Par: 3] The best method to reduce the risk for atelectasis is to encourage the patient to walk. The best method to reduce the risk for atelectasis is to encourage the patient to walk. 4. [Body Par: 4] Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. Ambulation is the best method to prevent postoperative atelectasis. 5. [Body Par: 5] Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply. Other measures include incentive spirometry and turning, coughing, and breathing deeply.

69. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease. It usually involves the aorta and the femoral, coronary, and cerebral arteries. The most common vascular complication of diabetes mellitus is atherosclerosis. Speech Notes - Slide 72 1. [Body Par: 1] Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease. 2. [Body Par: 2] It usually involves the aorta and the femoral, coronary, and cerebral arteries. It usually involves the aorta and the femoral, coronary, and cerebral arteries. 3. [Body Par: 3] The most common vascular complication of diabetes mellitus is atherosclerosis. The most common vascular complication of diabetes mellitus is atherosclerosis. Speech Notes - Slide 72 1. [Body Par: 1] Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease. 2. [Body Par: 2] It usually involves the aorta and the femoral, coronary, and cerebral arteries. It usually involves the aorta and the femoral, coronary, and cerebral arteries. 3. [Body Par: 3] The most common vascular complication of diabetes mellitus is atherosclerosis. The most common vascular complication of diabetes mellitus is atherosclerosis.

70. Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. And controls the smooth muscles. Speech Notes - Slide 73 1. [Body Par: 1] The autonomic nervous system regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. 2. [Body Par: 2] And controls the smooth muscles. And controls the smooth muscles. Speech Notes - Slide 73 1. [Body Par: 1] The autonomic nervous system regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. 2. [Body Par: 2] And controls the smooth muscles. And controls the smooth muscles.