By Stacey Kirschenman

1. Take A Musical Safari To Africa By Stacey Kirschenman

2. Characteristics of Africa • 2nd largest continent with a population of approximately 700 million people • Geography – deserts (Sahara), rain forest jungles, mountains, rivers & lakes, & the Great Rift Valley • Mostly tropical climate • Animals – elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, crocodiles, rhinoceroses, giraffes, and lions • Over 800 languages and cultures

3. African Music Call & Response – generation to generation • Alternates between a soloist and a group • Call (leader) changes and the response (group) remains the same

4. Purpose of Music • Recreation • - singing, dancing, drumming, and concerts • Rituals & Ceremonies • – celebrating • Occupational • - work songs, preparing food

5. Social • - child care, story telling, social games, and parties • Language • - drumming and signaling are used to send messages

6. Gives birth to many forms of music • Jazz & Rock African Musical style and practice • Taught and learned orally • Sing & play together easily (teamwork) • - rhythmic singing & clapping children’s games • Most common form • - call & response

7. Texture is complementary • - many rhythms occurring at the same time • Syncopation – off-beat phrasing • Music is part of most activities • - music and movement are linked to each other • Buzzy tone quality

8. African Instruments • Classified into these categories • - Idiophones (main parts vibrate) • - Membranophones (membrane vibrates) • - Chordophones (Strings vibrate) • - Aerophones (Blow into instrument)

9. Aerophones Musical instruments whichproduce their sound by using air as the principal vibrating factor: air may be unconfined by the instrument or enclosed within a tube • Flute, Horn Trumpet, Pan Pipes, Side Blow Horn, Whistles

10. Idiophones Musical instruments which produce sound from their own substance: can be struck, plucked, blown, or vibrated by friction • Rattles, Bells, Sistram, Thumb Piano, Xylophone

11. Membranophones Musical instruments which produce sound from tightly stretched membranes, either struck or 'singing' • Drums and Tamborine

12. Chordophones Musicalinstruments which produce sound by means of strings stretched from one point toanother • Berimbau, Harps, Lute, Lyre, Ramkie, Valiha

13. Internet Links for Musical Instruments • Audible Artworks • UDU Gallery • Chains Performance • African Instruments • New world African Instruments • African Musical Instruments

14. N’kosi sikelel’i Africa In 1897, Enoch Mankayi Sontonga wrote the following hymn, “N’kosi sikelel’I Africa.” It was originally performed at public meetings in South Africa. Today, it is sung in many languages and dialects throughout Africa. African National Anthem

15. African Drums • Widely Used in African Music • -Communication & Celebration • Language of the drum takes years of practice • Master Drummer holds the most honored position in African societies

16. Bata Drum • Nigeria • Two headed drum played with both hands or struck with a flexible piece of leather • Part of the religious life of some of the Yoruba people Characteristics

17. Syncopation Type of rhythm in which stressed sounds occur between beats instead of on beats. Example:

18. Messages in Sound • Master Drummer • - Children begin studying to become master drummers at a very early age. Has the highest position in African societies • African Proverb • - Wise sayings passed down from generation to generation. Important in many parts of Africa • Griot • - Talking regional newspaper. Wandering musician/storyteller responsible for passing along news about what has happened in the community.

19. Harmony Two or more pitches sounding at the same time

20. African Art & Culture Museum of African Art

21. Resources http://echarry.web.wesleyan.edu/africother.html http://www.canteach.ca/elementary/africasong.html http://home.earthlink.net/~debrajet/list.html http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/afrst/outreach/k-12.html http://www.thepothole.com/soukous/ http://www.teachers.net/lessons/posts//509.html http://wus.africaonline.com/AfricaOnline/music/ http://wus.africaonline.com/AfricaOnline/music/Safrica.html

22. http://www.cnmat.berkeley.edu/~ladzekpo/Foundation.html http://www.afropop.org/ http://www.coraconnection.com/ http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/aoi/events/music/marabi.html http://www.africanmusic.org/ http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/aoi/events/music/pan.html http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/villagepulse/ http://www.nmafa.si.edu/ http://www.cat.nyu.edu/~andruid/chains/

23. http://www.cnmat.berkeley.edu/~ladzekpo/Ensemble.htm l http://ntama.uni-mainz.de/~ama/ http://www.udu.com/udu_html/udugalry.html http://www.nmafa.si.edu/exhibits/aud_art/index.htm http://biochem.chem.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~endo/africa.html http://www.acslink.aone.net.au/christo/histmain.htm www.dia.org/collections/aonwc/ africanart/82.29med.jpg www.earthvibemusic.com/ kambala/Balaphon.jpg www.namibweb.com/piano.JPG

24. World Music Drumming textbook Share the Music textbook pp. 28-33, 64, 68-69, 112-115, 154-155, 250-251, 357 African Music by Cheryl Lavender Abiyoyo by Michael Hayes

25. Clip Art Resources Print Artisthttp://www.dia.org/collections/aonwc/africanart/82.29.html www.earthvibemusic.com/ kambala.htm http://www.namibweb.com/piano.htm http://www.intcon.net/~songbird/ http://www.shirleykaiser.com/skimages/index.html http://webclipart.miningco.com/cs/msub42m/