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Chapter 28

Chapter 28. The Reproductive System. 100 keys, pg. 1038. “Meiosis produces gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. For each cell entering meiosis, the testes produce four spermatozoa, whereas the ovaries produce a single ovum.”. male anatomy and hormones

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Chapter 28

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  1. Chapter 28 The Reproductive System

  2. 100 keys, pg. 1038 “Meiosis produces gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. For each cell entering meiosis, the testes produce four spermatozoa, whereas the ovaries produce a single ovum.”

  3. male anatomy and hormones female anatomy and hormones female cycles fertility/contraception/birth control

  4. Hermes

  5. male site of spermatogenesis seminiferous tubules in testes begins after puberty continues throughout life

  6. male spermatogonia divide mitotically begins meiosis I prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I with cytokinesis primary spematocyte 2 secondary spermatocytes

  7. male 2 secondary spermatocytes begins meiosis II prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II with cytokinesis 4 spermatids

  8. male 4 spermatids spermiogenesis 4 spermatozoa

  9. fig 28-8

  10. fig 28-7

  11. male hormones FSH acts on Sertoli cells promotes spermatogenesis LH acts on interstitial cells testosterone testosterone regulates spermatogenesis 2º sex. char.

  12. 100 keys, pg. 1039 “Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues until relatively late in life (past age 70). It is a continuous process, and all stages of meiosis can be observed within the seminiferous tubule.” (it takes over 2 months from beginning to end)

  13. Aphrodites

  14. female site of oogenesis within follicles in the ovary begins before birth arrested until later continues cyclically from puberty to ~50 menstrual cycle menopause

  15. female oogonia divide mitotically begins meiosis I prophase I arrested here before birth primary oocyte metaphase I anaphase I telophase I with cytokinesis 2º oocyte + polar body

  16. female secondary oocyte begins meiosis II prophase II metaphase II (another arrest) anaphase II telophase II with cytokinesis 1 ovum + 2nd polar body

  17. fig. 28-15

  18. female hormones FSH follicle stimulating hormone promotes maturation of follicles LH luteinizing hormone promotes development of corpus luteum rebuild endometrium 2º sex. char. estrogen prepare/maintain endometrium progesterone

  19. 100 keys, pg. 1052 “Oogenesis begins during embryonic development, and primary oocyte production is completed before birth. Each month after puberty, the ovarian cycle produces one or more secondary oocytes form the pre-existing population of primary oocytes. The number of variable and responsive primary oocytes declines markedly over time, until the ovarian cycles end at age 45-55.”

  20. the menstrual cycle day 0 14 28 menses proliferatory phase secretory phase fig. 28-26e

  21. the menstrual cycle day 0 14 28 follicular phase luteal phase fig. 28-26b, c

  22. the menstrual cycle day 0 14 28 follicular phase luteal phase fig. 28-26c, d

  23. the menstrual cycle day 0 14 28 follicular phase luteal phase fig. 28-26d, e

  24. the menstrual cycle day 0 14 28 follicular phase luteal phase fig. 28-26

  25. fig. 29-2 hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

  26. the menstrual cycle day 0 14 28 fertilization ovulation hCG embryo implants fig. 28-26

  27. 100 keys, pg. 1065 “Cyclic changes in FSH and LH levels are responsible for the maintenance of the ovarian cycle; the hormones produced by the ovaries in turn regulate the uterine cycle. Inadequate hormone levels, inappropriate responses to circulating hormones, or poor coordination and timing of hormone production or secondary oocyte release will reduce or eliminate the chances of pregnancy .”

  28. 100 keys, pg. 1067 “Sex hormones have widespread effects on the body. They affect brain development, and behavioral drives, muscle mass, bone mass and density, body proportions, and the patterns of hair and body fat distribution. As aging occurs, reductions in sex hormone levels affect appearance, strength, and a variety of physiological functions.”

  29. EGG / SPERM BLASTULA SEXUAL MATURITY GASTRULA R.I.P. senescence NEWBORN NEURULA FETUS FERTILIZED EGG (ZYGOTE) cleavage hollow ball d. 5 embryology gametogenesis gastrulation Human Life “Cycle” three layers w. 750 d. 16 neurulation w. 4321 w. 38 parturition w. 8 organogenesis growth and differentiation 3.5 weeks: brain forming heart beating

  30. 0 infertility Unable to get pregnant after trying for one year anatomical blockage scar tissue (STD) age decreased fertility with age low sperm count temperature? environment?

  31. assisted reproduction 0 assisted gamete production (hormones) artificial insemination In vitro fertilization…

  32. Assisted reproduction 0 assisted gamete production hormones artificial insemination In vitro fertilization… GIFT, ZIFT BABI surrogate pregnancy legal ?? adoption

  33. 0 population growth control Population control operating at the level of the population Birth control “operate by preventing births one at a time”

  34. 0 population growth control Birth control before fertilization (conception) aka., contraception after fertilization

  35. Timeline (this is your life): conception birth death 1st 2nd 3rd egg sperm contraception birth control

  36. Contraception 0 Behavior Abstinence (complete) Avoid sexual activity and you won’t get pregnant (or contract STD’s)

  37. Contraception 0 Behavior Abstinence (complete) Rhythm (partial) Avoid sexual activity around the time of ovulation…

  38. Contraception 0 Behavior Abstinence (complete) Rhythm (partial) Withdrawl Coitus interputus

  39. Contraception 0 Chemical: spermicides the “Pill”

  40. Contraception 0 Barriers: • condoms • diaphragm • spermicides

  41. Contraception Surgery: vasectomy tubal

  42. fertilization (conception) birth egg … sperm 0 timeline-your life contraception birth control

  43. Birth Control (not contraception) 0 Works after conception IUD prevent implant. Ru 486 cause menses • Abortion remove • embryo/fetus

  44. 0 All methods of contraception are birth control… but not all methods of birth control prevent conception.

  45. 0 Abortion “a highly charged issue” States rights to regulate/prohibit abortion Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court)

  46. 0 pictures of embryos and fetuses

  47. 0 Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court) Even after viability (the ability of the fetus to live outside the uterus on its own) a mother can still have an abortion

  48. 0 When does lifebegin? life: it doesn’t begin… When does a new human lifebegin? When does a embryo/fetus/baby become a person with rights?

  49. baby is not a person until its first cry 0 Japan West Africa baby is not a person until it’s a week old baby named when 2-3 years old Formosa baby with defects were drowned or burned Truk

  50. 0 Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court) 1st Trimester States cannot regulate; Decision between woman and doctor 2nd Trimester States can regulate (who, where…), but cannot prohibit 3rd Trimester States still cannot prohibit if the mothers life or health is at risk

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