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Development Through the Lifespan 2nd edition Laura E. Berk

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Development Through the Lifespan 2nd edition Laura E. Berk

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    1. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 1 Chapter 14 Development Through the Lifespan 2nd edition Laura E. Berk

    2. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 2 Chapter 14 Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood Development Through the Lifespan 2nd edition Berk

    3. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 3 Erikson’s Stages

    4. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 4 ERIKSON’S THEORY Basic conflict in early adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation Permanent commitment to intimate partner Successful resolution prepares for generativity Caring for the next generation and improving society

    5. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 5 ERIKSON'S THEORY (cont.) Without independence, people define themselves in terms of their partner. sacrifice self-respect and initiative. Without intimacy Loneliness and self-absorption A secure sense of intimacy enhances the quality of other close relationships.

    6. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 6 Table 14.1 Stages of Adult Psychosocial Development

    7. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 7 Levinson's Seasons of Life Sequence of distinct eras Eras begin with a transition. Lasting about 5 years Concluding the previous era and preparing for the next Stable periods between transitions Build a life structure Life structure Underlying pattern of person's life at a given time Relationships with significant others, groups, or institutions Structure-building lasts 5 to 7 years.

    8. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 8 Levinson's Seasons of Life (cont.) Construction of a dream Image of the self in adult world that guides decision making For men, an independent achiever in an occupational role For career-oriented women, a "split dream" for both marriage and career Relationship with mentor who fosters advancement in the workplace

    9. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 9 Levinson's Seasons of Life (cont.) Age 30 Transition Revaluation and change of life Men rarely reverse priority of career and family; career-oriented women sometimes do. For dissatisfied, this transition can be a crisis. Settling Down for Men / Continued Instability for Women Ages 33 to 40: Men anchor more firmly in family, occupation, and community. Women integrate occupational or relationship commitment. Not until middle adulthood do many women attain stability.

    10. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 10 Vaillant's Adaptation to Life Compatible with Levinson's Fills gaps between Erikson's stages Men focused on career in their thirties. During forties, men became more generative. In fifties, men became "keepers of meaning," guardians of culture. Did not study women, but research suggests similar changes

    11. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 11 Limitations of Levinson and Vaillant Conclusions were based on people born in the 1920s to 1940s. Levinson sampled few non-college, low-SES adults (especially women). Levinson's middle-aged participants might not have remembered accurately. Studies of new generations with diverse SES and cultural backgrounds are needed.

    12. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 12 Social Clock Age-graded expectations for life events. College women born in 1930s were followed up at 27 and 43. If they started families, they became more responsible, self-controlled, tolerant, and nurturant but declined in self-esteem and felt more vulnerable as their lives progressed. If they followed occupations typical of me, they became more dominant, sociable, independent, and intellectual. Women who neither married nor begun a career by age 30 suffered from self-doubt, feelings of incompetence, and loneliness. Expectations for adulthood are no longer as definite.

    13. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 13 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Selecting a Mate Social learning perspective: Gender roles influence selection. Select partner who resembles self Women want intelligence, ambition, financial status, and character. Men want physical attractiveness. Women want same-age/slightly older partner. Men want younger partner. Parent-child bonds influence selection and quality of relationships.

    14. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 14 Components of Love Intimacy: Emotional Passion: Physical and psychological Commitment: Cognitive leads to decision to love and maintain love Passionate love becomes companionate love. In study of first year of marriage, spouses gradually felt less in love. Couples whose relationships endure report they love each other more.

    15. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 15 Culture and the Experience of Love 20th century Western nations Passion and intimacy are basis for marriage. Eastern cultures Feelings distributed across social network, reducing intensity of any one relationship. Chinese and Japanese consider others when choosing a mate.

    16. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 16 Friendships Friends enhance self-esteem, provide social support, and make life more interesting. Same-Sex Friendships Women have more intimate same-sex friendships. Female friends prefer to just talk. Male friends do something. Friends are preferred companions for young, single adults.

    17. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 17 Other-Sex Friendships Occur less often and do not last as long as same-sex friendships Young adults learn about masculine and feminine styles of intimacy. Can evolve into romance May be more stable than relationships that formed without friendship.

    18. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 18 Siblings as Friends Often like friendships Relationships are longest. In Vaillant's study Single best predictor of emotional health at age 65 was having close ties with siblings in early adulthood.

    19. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 19 Loneliness Results from gap between relationships we have and those we desire Adults feel lonely if they lack an intimate partner or friends. Loneliness peaks in late teens and early twenties and declines steadily into the seventies. Persistent loneliness is associated with self-defeating attitudes and behaviors.

    20. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 20 THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Sequence of phases that characterizes development of most families In early adulthood, people typically live on their own, marry, and rear children. In middle age, children leave home and parental responsibilities lessen. Late adulthood brings retirement, aging, and death of one's spouse.

    21. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 21 Leaving Home Departure for education tends to be at a younger age. For full-time work and marriage at later ages Half of young adults return home for a brief time. Departure from home is linked to more satisfying parent-child interaction and successful transition to adult roles.

    22. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 22 Joining of Families in Marriage Nearly 90 percent of Americans marry at least once in their lives. Increasing numbers remain single, cohabit, or do not remarry after divorce.

    23. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 23 Marital Roles If ethnic and religious backgrounds are different, extra challenges exist in married life. Traditional marriage Clear division of husband's and wife's roles Man head of household and economic provider. The woman devotes herself to creating a nurturant, comfortable home.

    24. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 24 Marital Roles In egalitarian marriage, husband and wife share power and authority. Both partners try to balance the time and energy they devote to the workplace, the children, and their relationship. In reality, wives do the bulk of the housework.

    25. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 25 Marital Satisfaction Contributing factors Marrying later Postponing having children until careers are underway Building a sense of togetherness that allows each partner to thrive as an individual Patience, caring, shared values, enjoyment of each other's company, and good conflict resolution skills More men report being happily married. For women, relationship quality has a greater impact on mental health.

    26. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 26 Marital Expectations and Myths Happy couples reshape relationship to new circumstances and partner's changing needs. Many young people have a mythical image of marital bliss.

    27. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 27 Parenthood Being childless more accepted Decision to have children Women with a traditional gender-role are more likely to have children. Reasons Desire for warm, affectionate relationship and the stimulation and fun that children provide Disadvantages Loss of freedom and financial strain

    28. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 28 Table 14.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Parenthood

    29. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 29 Transition to Parenthood Mild decline in marital happiness Gender roles become more traditional. Men who are nurturant show less decline in marital satisfaction after the birth of the baby. Special interventions such as couples' groups ease transition.

    30. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 30 Parenthood Non-Western cultures Children less likely to threaten marital satisfaction Western industrialized nations Trend toward gender equality and isolation of the nuclear family unit leads marital and parenting roles to be closely linked

    31. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 31 Additional Births Family size decline Birth control Career orientation of many women More divorce Research indicates adults and children benefit from small family size.

    32. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 32 Families with Young Children Quality of marital relationship influences child rearing. Employed parents struggle to find good child care. Rearing young children expands parents' emotional capacities and enriches.

    33. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 33 Families with Adolescents Must blend guidance with freedom and gradually relinquish control. Flexibility key to family success More in family therapy during this phase than any other

    34. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 34 Parent Education Adults seek information on child rearing through popular books. Special courses designed to help parents understand child development, child-rearing values, family communication, and effective parenting strategies.

    35. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 35 Singlehood Individuals not living with an intimate partner Men in blue-collar occupations and women in demanding, prestigious careers overrepresented after age 30 Advantages Freedom and mobility Disadvantages Loneliness, limited sexual and social life, reduced sense of security, and exclusion from the world of married couples Many stressed in late twenties Mid-thirties is trying for single women, due to deadline for bearing children.

    36. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 36 Cohabitation The lifestyle of unmarried couples who have an intimate, sexual relationship and share a residence

    37. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 37 Cohabitation Sometimes preparation for marriage Alternative to marriage Offers sexual intimacy and companionship along with possibility of easy departure Couples who live together before marriage are more prone to divorce. Fights over property, money, and responsibility for children are common when unmarried couples split up.

    38. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 38 Childlessness Childlessness can be involuntary or voluntary. Voluntarily childless adults are usually college educated, with prestigious jobs, and committed to work. Voluntarily childless adults are content with their lives. Infertile couples and parents whose children have serious psychological or physical problems are likely to be dissatisfied and depressed.

    39. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 39 Divorce and Remarriage 50% divorce rate in U.S. Many divorces when children still at home 61% of divorced men and 54% of divorced women remarry. High divorce rate during first few years of second marriages

    40. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 40 Divorce Factors Disrupted relationship Other factors Young age at marriage Not religious Previously divorced Parents were divorced Poverty Changing status of women Within 2 years after separation, many are depressed and anxious and display impulsive behavior.

    41. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 41 Remarriage Remarriages break up because Practicality rather than love influences the decision to remarry. People transfer negative interaction and problem solving learned in first marriage. More likely to view divorce as acceptable Experience stress from stepfamily situations It takes 3 to 5 years for blended families to develop connectedness of biological families.

    42. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 42 Remarried Parents The stepparent is an outsider. Stepmothers are likely to experience conflict and poor adjustment. Stepfathers without biological children may have unrealistic expectations and withdraw from parenting. For good stepparent adjustment Caring husband-wife relationship Cooperation of absent biological parent Willingness of children to accept new spouse The divorce rate is higher for couples with stepchildren

    43. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 43 Never-Married Parents Never-married parenthood among low-SES women is costly, since living in a female-headed household makes it harder to overcome poverty. High among African-American young women Births to high-status unmarried women increased, but is still rare.

    44. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 44 Gay and Lesbian Parents The children are as well adjusted as children of heterosexual parents, and a large majority of children are heterosexual. Homosexual parents build families of choice when extended family members have difficulty accepting them. The greatest concern of gay parents is that their children will be stigmatized.

    45. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 45 VOCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT For men, it is typically continuous, from completion of formal education to retirement. Many women experience discontinuous career paths. Interrupted or deferred by child bearing and rearing Self-efficacy Belief in one’s own ability to be successful Affects career choice and development

    46. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 46 Women and Ethnic Minorities Remain concentrated in occupations with little advancement For every dollar earned by a man, the average woman earns 76 cents. Women are unavailable as mentors to other women.

    47. „ 2001 Allyn & Bacon, Berk 2/e 47 Work and Family Dual-earner marriages predominate. Role conflict is common for women. College-educated have higher standards of living and more self-fulfillment for the wife.

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