Digital Camera Basics

1. Digital Camera Basics Presented by Stephen Schneider June, 2013

2. It IS Rocket Science! (so to speak) • For what did Albert Einstein win his Nobel Prize? … not Special Relativity … not General Relativity … not Brownian motion • The “photoelectric effect”: photons (light) interacting with matter release electrons – basis of the digital camera. • In fact Einstein was also an inventor with many patents including an early camera. Light Intensity Self-Adjusting Camera US Patent #2058562 October 27, 1936 Albert Einstein & Gustav Bucky

3. A photography glossary • Pixel – picture element (smallest patch all of one color) • Exposure – total amount of light onto image (under-exposed, over-exposed) • CCD/CMOS chips – electronic/photoelectric detectors that turn light into electronic signals

4. Focal Length / Zoom • Lenses are usually listed with a focal length in mm. 12mm – fisheye 200mm – telephoto • The focal length is the equivalent distance of a pinhole from the CCD or film.

5. Lenses usually list a focal length in mm. 12mm – fisheye 50mm – normal 200mm – telephoto • As the focal length increases, you reduce your “field of view” (typically width ~ 2000°/f). Check your own!

6. CapturingTime & Space

7. Time & Space – 2 • Shutter speed – length of time shutter is open as 1 second/“speed” so 30 = 1/30 sec. Time blur or freeze action? • f-stop, f-ratio, f-number –how big “aperture” is compared to the focal length. f/4 means the diameter is ¼ the focal length. Pinhole (f/∞) focuses at all distances.

8. Film SpeedDetector Sensitivity • ISO (International Standardization Organization) was a way of describing sensitivity of film, and today is used for detector chips. • ISO 100 is considered “normal”; higher ISO is more sensitive, but more noisy or grainy. • The “exposure triangle” is set balancing ISO, shutter speed, & f-stop. ISO 3200 – very “grainy”

9. The Blessing/Curse of Automation • Modern cameras choose a lot of these settings for you automatically, and they’re often right, but sometimes they frustrate your efforts. • Learn how you can trick your camera by getting other light/dark sources in the image. You can improve the definition of light parts by adding more light. • Check for camera “modes.” ISO 3200 – very “grainy” Saturn? No! crescent moon.

10. White Balance • Our eyes (and brains) adjust to the ambient light, so the color white is somewhat arbitrary. • Digital cameras try to adjust white balance by looking at brightest spots in image (and can sometimes be fooled). • Maintain consistent lighting in experiments! Tungsten light is yellowish This is closer to perceived daylight color

11. Exploring Your Images • Cameras save all this info in something called an EXIF (Exchangeable Image File format) header. • The EXIF header includes time, date, exposure, and all sorts of other info—sometimes even white balance corrections. • Most photo programs read this info, but not all image formats save the EXIF data: JPG, TIF, PNG • Some do not save (or are inconsistent about saving) EXIF data: BMP, GIF • There are extensions for Firefox and other browsers that will show the EXIF data.

12. Example of EXIF Data EXIF Sub IFD Exposure Time (1 / Shutter Speed) = 1/40 second ===> 0.025 second Lens F-Number / F-Stop = 26/10 ===> ƒ/2.6 Exposure Program = aperture priority (3) ISO Speed Ratings = 100 EXIF Version = 0220 Original Date/Time = 2013:06:24 14:28:45 Digitization Date/Time = 2013:06:24 14:28:45 Components Configuration = 0x01,0x02,0x03,0x00 / YCbCr Shutter Speed Value (APEX) = 1362/256 Shutter Speed (Exposure Time) = 1/39.96 second Aperture Value (APEX) = 276/100 Aperture = ƒ/2.6 Brightness (APEX) = 813/256 Brightness = 9.04 foot-lambert Exposure Bias (EV) = 0/10 ===> 0 Max Aperture Value (APEX) = 276/100 ===> 2.76 Max Aperture = ƒ/2.6 Metering Mode = center weighted average (2) Flash = Flash did not fire Focal Length = 37/10 mm ===> 3.7 mm Maker Note = 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