Do Now: In your notebooks…

1. Do Now: In your notebooks… 1). What do you think of when you hear the term “Great Depression?” 2). “The Great Depression of the 1930s was a worldwide phenomenon composed of an infinite number of separate but related events.”-What does this quote mean?

2. Chapter 29 The World Between the Wars: Depression & Authoritarian Response

3. A Revolution in Science & Arts • Einstein -Albert Einstein radically changed the field of physics -Theory of relativity: Idea that space and time are not constant -Questioning of accepted ideas -Resulted in more uncertainty • Existentialism -No universal meaning to life; each person creates own meaning • Surrealism & Jazz -Challenge established conventions

4. Society Challenges Convention • Women’s Roles Change -Work during war -Decisive in gaining right to vote -1920s: Women adopt freer clothing, hairstyles (“Flappers”) -Represents independent spirit of the time -Some women seek new careers (Medicine, education, journalism)

5. A Worldwide Depression • Postwar Europe -Rise of new, unstable democracies (Little experience with democracy) -Coalition Governments: Temporary alliances between parties to form parliamentary majority -Failures pushed people to authoritarian regimes • Weimar Republic -1919: Germans blamed Weimar government for problems -Suffered hyperinflation (Never raised taxes, simply printed more money)

6. The Debacle • A Flawed U.S. Economy -Uneven distribution of wealth, overproduction, less buying -Most families too poor to buy goods Factories lay off workers -Failure to repay loans (Farmers) • The Stock Market Crash -1929: Stocks purchased on margin -Investors began selling stocks due to high prices -Panic resulted and the market crashed on October 29th

7. The Great Depression • Great Depression -Severe economic slump • Global Impact -Stock market crash had global repercussions -American bankers called in loans and withdrew financing -Placed high tariffs on imported goods -World trade dropped 65% and led to economic downturn • Results -Banks collapse in Europe, Asian farmers and urban workers suffer as value of exports dropped, demand for Latin American products fell sharply

9. Responses to the Depression • Europe -Britain elects multiparty coalition (National Government) -Passed high protective tariffs, increased taxes, regulated currency, lowered interest rates -Scandinavia -Socialist governments built on existing programs of public works, pensions for elderly, and welfare benefits -Democracy remained in tact

10. Continued • France -Popular Front: Multiparty coalition designed to win majority in parliament -Unable to take strong measures due to power of conservatives and authoritarian right -Fell in 1938 • United States -FDR and the New Deal -Public works projects, welfare and relief programs, government regulation of banks, and expansion of federal agencies.

11. Do Now: Multiple Choice 1). What event historically triggered the Great Depression? A. Collapse of the American stock market B. World War I C. World War II D. The Long March 2). In the aftermath of World War I, parliamentary governments were A. Nowhere visible in western Europe B. Rapidly replaced by increasingly liberal governments C. Strengthened by the success of the allies D. Weakened by the existences of radical groups of the left and right

12. The Authoritarian Response • Fascism -Militant political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism and loyalty to an authoritarian leader -Differs from Communism because of belief in a stratified class system and focus on nationalism

13. Fascism in Italy • Italy -Fascism fueled by the bitter disappointment of Versailles negotiations -Rising inflation and unemployment led to growing social unrest • Benito Mussolini -Vowed to revive Italian economy and rebuild military -Founds Fascist Party in 1919 -1922: 30,000 Fascists marched on Rome and demanded power handed over to Mussolini -Il Duce(Leader): Abolish democracy, outlaw all political parties, jailed opponents, censored media, outlawed strikes

14. Hitler Rises to Power • Adolf Hitler -1919: National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) -German form of Fascism was Nazism -Private militia of storm troopers (Brown shirts) -Hitler chosen as der Führer (Leader) • Nazi Ideology -Racial ideology (supremacy of Aryan race) outlined in Mein Kampf -Lebensraum: Germany was overcrowded and needed living space

15. Continued • Election of 1932 -Nazis largest political party by 1932 -Hitler failed to win the presidency, but won 37% of votes in parliament • January 1933 -Hitler made Chancellor of Germany -Calls for new elections -Prior to elections, fire destroyed the Reichstag -Hitler blamed the Communists which resulted in more support for the Nazis -Uses power to turn Germany into totalitarian state -Creates SS and Gestapo in 1934

16. Fascism and the Spanish Civil War • Civil War in Spain -1931: Monarchy replaced with republic -1936: General Francisco Franco led a Fascist revolt against the republic -Three year civil war • Hitler and Mussolini -Sent troops, tanks, and planes to assist Franco’s Nationalists -Support for Republicans was minimal (Only from Soviet Union and United States -1939: Republican resistance collapsed and Franco became dictator

18. Brazil and Argentina • Brazil -Getulio Vargas became president in 1929 -Centralized political power -Created constitution in 1937 based on fascist Italy -Economy strictly monitored by government and little opposition allowed • Argentina -1943: Populist government headed by Juan Peron -Improved status of workers -Nationalized foreign owned companies -Pay back foreign debts until economic problems in 1949