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EfS Grammar I: Two Present Tenses – Simple and Continuous

EfS Grammar I: Two Present Tenses – Simple and Continuous. Explaining how things work and describing what is happening. Simple - Affirmative. I you he/she/it we they. to be am are is are are. to have got have got have got has got have got have got. to work work work works work

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EfS Grammar I: Two Present Tenses – Simple and Continuous

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  1. EfS Grammar I:Two Present Tenses – Simple and Continuous Explaining how things work and describing what is happening.

  2. Simple - Affirmative Iyouhe/she/itwethey to be am are is are are to have got have got have got has got have got have got to work work work works work work "One s" rule: The third person is either plural (a noun would end in "-s") or the verb ends with "-s".

  3. Simple - Negative Iyouhe/she/itwethey to be am not are not is not are not are not to have got have not got have not got has not got have not got have not got to work do not work do notwork does notwork do notwork do notwork "One s" rule: Where an "s" is added, it is added to the auxiliary verb (be, have, do).

  4. Simple - Interrogative to be am I? are you? is he? are we? are they? to have got have I got? have you got? has she got? have we got? have they got? to work do I work? do youwork? does hework? do wework? do theywork? "One s" rule:"s" is added to the auxiliary verb. Subject and first verb are inverted.

  5. Spelling rules • When adding an "s" to the verb: • Normallyjust add -s • -s, -z, -sh, -ch, -o word endingsadd -es • -y word endingconsonant –y changes to –iesvowel –y goes to -ys

  6. Continuous – All Forms Affirmative (Negative) I am (not) doing you are (not) doing he/she/it is (not) doing we are (not) doing they are (not) doing Interrogative am I doing? are you doing? is he/she/it doing? are we doing? are they doing? Form: to be + present participle (-ing form)

  7. Present Participle - Spelling Present participles are formed by adding -ing • The final consonant may be doubled:Mainly in one-syllable verbs ending with consonant-vowel-consonant, e.g.stop – stopping • Words ending in –ie:-ie changes to –y, e.g. lie – lying • Words ending in –e:final –e is dropped, e.g. make - making

  8. Simple and Continuous - Use • Simple is used: • to explain something in an expository text; • to express repeatedness of an action; • to express completedness of an action; • with verbs of state. Continuous is used: • to express incompleteness of an action; • and therefore sometimes temporariness.

  9. States and Actions Some verbs may be either verbs of state or verbs of action and their meaning changes accordingly: • to see (a state): is an involuntary action. • to see someone (an action): is to meet that person and talk to him/her. • to feel (a state) is an emotion. • to feel something (an action) is to move your fingers over an object.

  10. Examples in Technical Texts In describing the characteristics of something (typifying) we use the present simple e.g.: • "Organisms play an important role in the water cycle." • "These nitrogen-fixing bacteria come in three forms." The present continuous is used only rarely, e.g.: • "The main concepts we are trying to get across in this section [...]" McShaffrey (2006)

  11. What is wrong with …? Graham is speaking 5 languages. What??? All at the same time? The River Thames is flowing into the North Sea. And tomorrow into the Irish Sea... I take tennis lessons this summer. "This summer" suggests that the action is incomplete or temporary.

  12. Reference McShaffrey, Dave (2006): Environmental Biology – Ecosystems. http://www.marietta.edu/ ~biol/102/ecosystem.html,accessed April 5, 2009. Alternative citation style: marietta.edu

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