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Tinjauan

Tinjauan. Microprocessor Litar bersepadu yg dibina di atas lapisan silikon kecil (cip silikon) yg merupakan teras kpd microcomputer Mengandungi berjuta-juta transistor yg saling bersambungan melalui ‘superfine traces of aluminum’

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Tinjauan

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  1. Tinjauan • Microprocessor • Litar bersepadu yg dibina di atas lapisan silikon kecil (cip silikon) yg merupakan teras kpd microcomputer • Mengandungi berjuta-juta transistor yg saling bersambungan melalui ‘superfine traces of aluminum’ • Transistor2 bekerja bersama utk menyimpan dan memanipulasi data agar microprocessor boleh melaksanakan pelbagai fungsi dgn meluas • Konsep dalaman microprocessor telah bertukar tahun demi tahun • Microprocessor digunakan utk dua sistem umum iaitu • general purpose computing systems • embedded control applications • autos, ovens, phones, toys, . . . • these are called microcontrollers • Apakah perbezaan ant mikrop dan mikroc?

  2. Microcontrollers Microcontrollers menyepadukan semua komponen2 (control, memory, I/O) sistem komputer dlm satu litar bersepadu. Microcontrollers are intended to be single chip solutions for systems requiring low to moderate processing power. Microcontroller

  3. Tinjauan • Senibina mikrop • Struktur yg m’beritahu bgmn kerja dilakukan dlm mikrop. Kebanyakkan mikro melakukan kerja hampir sama dgn cara yg berlainan menggunakan senibina yg berbeza. • Tiga perbezaan utama mikrop • Panjang data word • Saiz memori yg blh dialamatkan secara terus • Kelajuan perlaksanaan arahan

  4. Tinjauan • Perbezaan yg lain.. • Bil register yg sedia ada kpd pengaturcara • Jenis register yg sedia ada kpd pengaturcara • Jenis arahan yg sedia ada kpd pengaturcara • Jenis mod pengalamat yg sedia ada kpd pengaturcara • Jenis litar sokongan yg sedia ada kpd pereka sistem • Kesesuaian kpd perisian pembanguanan, sistem, perkakasan, aplikasi, utiliti yg sedia ada • Kesesuaian dgn sistem pembangunan perkakasan.

  5. Sejarah • Sejarah microprocessors pendek ttp memberangsangkan • Dlm 1969, kompeni Jepun (Busicom) berbincang dgn Intel dan menyuruh mereka membina satu set cip custom utk hand-held calculator • Intel mencadangkan single programmable chip (4004) • Ia dikeluarkan dlm tahun 1971 yg merupakan microprocessor pertama didunia • Hy 4-bit mesin yg mengandungi 2300 transistor pd 16-pin chip, 45 arahan • 50 KIPs(kilo instruction per second) – slow drp ENIAC (100KIPs) tp ringan

  6. Kemajuan • Dlm tahun 1973, Intel mengeluarkan 8-bit microprocessor moden (slps 8008) yg pertama iaitu 8080 • mengandungi 6000 transistor dan 64K memori yg boleh dialamatkan • 10 kali lebih pantas drp 8008 (8080=500KIPs atau 2us) • Selepas 6 bulan motorola pula memperkenalkan MC68000 • Digital Research mengeluarkan first general purpose operating system utk microprocessor, CP/M (control program for microprocessor) dlm thn 1975

  7. Kemajuan • Dlm tahun 1978, Intel mengeluarkan 8086iaitu 16-bit microprocessor yg mengandungi 29,000 transistor • 8088 setahun selepas 8086 • 8088/8086 • 400ns atau 2.5 MIPs (millions instruction per second) • Addressed 1 M bytes of memory (1024KB or 1,048,576 bytes) • 4 to 6 byte instruction cache that pre-fetched instruction before executed • Include multiply and divide instruction set (missing on earlier uP) • 20,000 arahan – Dipanggil CISC • 1981 digunakan dlm komputer peribadi IBM

  8. Pengenalan • 4004 - 4bit (1971) & 8008 – 8bit (1972) • Xblh b’thn lama sbg mikrop kegunaan am kerana r/btk & prestasi yg terhad • 8080 – 8bit (1973) & 8085 • Bermulanya mikrop canggih • Mikrop lengkap • Kekangan dlm mikro 8bit • Kelajuan perkakasan yg rendah • Keblh’n pengalamatan memori yg rendah • Bil daftar utk kegunaan am yg rendah • Set arahan yg krg power

  9. Pengenalan • 8086 – 16bit (1978) • Mnyelesai’n kekurangan yg ada pd mikro 8bit • Wujud krn permintaan pasaran utk penghitung berkelajuan tinggi • Set arahan berkuasa tinggi • Kefleksibelan pengaturcaraan

  10. Pengenalan • 8085 & 8086 • Cip2 pesisian 8085 bersesuaian utk 8086 • Teknik pengalamat memori pelbagai • A/muka memori sama ttp sedikit penambahan isyarat • Organisasinya sama ttp keperluan clocknya berbeza

  11. 1978 Intel 8086 • Awal 1980an • IBM memilih cip Intel sebagai “otak” utk komputer peribadi pertamanya.

  12. Mikrop 80186, 80188 • Mikrop 186/188 mengandungi set inst yg sama dgn 86/88, kecuali bbrp inst yg ditambah. • 186/188 ialah versi 86/88 yg dipertingkatkan. • Arahan baru yg dimasukkan ialah PUSHA, POPA, INS, OUTS, BOUND, ENTER, LEAVE. • Hw yang ditambah ke 186/188 ialah clock generator, programmable interrupt controller, three programmable timers, programmable DMA controller, programmable chip selection logic unit, watchdog timer, dynamic RAM refresh logic circuit bbrp ciri tambahan. • Hy satu shj perbezaan timing diantara 186/188 dgn 86/88 iaitu ALE (Address latch enable - multiplexer output pin) akan muncul one-half denyutan jam lbh awal.

  13. Mikrop 80286 • 286 ialah 86 yg dipertingkat dgn memasukkan memory management unit (MMU) • MMU allowed memory resources to be allocated and managed by operating system dgn itu ia blh mengalamat sebyk 16MB ruang memori fizikal (8086/8088 =>1MB) • 286 set inst yg sama dgn 186/188 kecuali inst tambahan utk MMU (15MB extra) • Speed = 250 ns (4 MIPs) with original 8 Mhz version • Dgn MMU juga ia blh mengalamat sebyk 1GB memori maya.

  14. Pemproses Pentium IA-32 • Merupakan pemproses yang mula diperkenalkan oleh Intel Corporation. • Sekarang pemproses keluaran Intel dikenali sebagai Pemproses Pentium

  15. Evolusi Penciptaan Pemproses Pentium • 1985 - Pemproses IA-32 80386 • 1989 - Pemproses IA-32 80486 • 1993 - Pentium • 1995 - Pentium Pro • 1997 - Pentium II • 1999 - Pentium III • 2000 - Pentium 4

  16. Pemproses IA-32 0 31 R0 R1 8 Daftar Tujuan Utama R7 Struktur Daftar IA-32

  17. Pemproses IA-32 • Lapan Daftar 32-bit yang ditandakan (R0 – R7) adalah daftar tujuan-umum • Digunakan untuk memegang data operand atau maklumat pengalamatan • Senibina berasaskan model ingatan • Gabungan kawasan-kawasan yang berbeza dalam ingatan yang dipanggil segment

  18. Pemproses IA-32 • Segmen Kod (CS) • Memegang arahan program • Segmen Timbunan (SS) • Mengandungi timbunan pemproses • 4 Segmen Data (DS) • Disediakan untuk memegang data operand

  19. Pemproses IA-32 16 0 CS SS 6 Daftar Segment DS Segmen Data ES FS GS

  20. Pemproses IA-32 • Pemproses menggunakan CS,SS, DS dan ES daftar segmen untuk mencapai kod, timbunan dan dua segmen data

  21. Mikrop 80386 • 80386 merupakan processor pertama yang mengimplementasikan senibina IA-32. • 286 yg dipertingkatkan, MMU dgn memory paging, 32bit extended register, 32bit bus alamat & data. Tiga version DX, SX & EX • Saiz fizikal memori 4GB (bersamaan 100,000 typewritten, double spaced pages of ASCII text) • Memori maya 64T. Memorinya berlebar 32bit & blh alamat byte, word & dword. • Bertalianpaip yakni blh hantar alamat inst berikut dan data memori ke memori sistem ketika perlaksanaan arahan semasa. Ini memblhkan sistem memori mula mengambil arahan berikut atau data sblm arahan semasa selesai.

  22. Mikrop 80386 • Cache memori • Struktur IO sama 286 kecuali ketika protected mod yg mn protection bit map disimpan dgn TSS • Set arahan dipertingkat kerana ada arahan beralamat 32bit. • Sampukan dipertingkat dgn predefined interrupt dlm interrupt vector table diguna bersama MMS. • MS ada tiga descriptor table iaitu GDT (global), LDT(local), IDT (interrupt)

  23. Mikrop 80486 • Incorporated with 80386 like uP, 80387 numeric co-processor and 8kB cache memory system into one integrated package • 80486 mengandungi unit pemprosesan integer dan titik apungan • Sokongan memori 80486 adalah sama dengan 80386 • ½ instructions executed in one clock instead of two • Ada bbrp arahan baru spt XADD, CMPXCHG dan BSWAP • Ada BIST (built in self test) • Ada test register utk test cache spt cache data, status dan control. • 80486 membenarkan parallelism dan pipelining

  24. Pentium • Asal dilabel P5 atau 80586 – sukar utk dpt hakcipta bagi nombor • Sama macam 386/486 Cuma bezanya ia ada dual cache dan dual integer unit. • 60 Mhz & 66Mhz beroperasi pada 110 MIPs • 100 Mhz & 1½ clock beroperasi pada 150 MIPs • 8kB instruction cache + 8kB data cache (=16kB cache) • Pemproses fp dan dua unit pemproses integer U dan V • Mode baru SMM • Tambahan 5 arahan baru • Versi terpantas 233Mhz Pentium dengan versi 3½ clock

  25. Pentium Pro (P6) • Pentium yg dipertingkatkan • Kapasiti dual cache dipertingkatkan, • 3 integer unit & Floating point unit • 16K L1 cache, 256K L2 cache • 3 execution engine (3 instruction at a time, which can conflict and still execute in parallel. Pentium – 2 instruction as long as don’t conflict) • Tambahan dua arahan baru • Perbezaan perkakasan hylah 2M paging dan 4 talian alamat tambahan yg memblh ruang alamat memori 64GB (boleh mengalamat samada 4GB atau 64GB) • Error detection code.

  26. Pemproses Pentium II dan III • Pemproses Pentium II menambah arahan MMX • Arahan MMX menyediakan pemprosesan secara selari dalam operasi multimedia terhadap piksel yang menerangkan data grafik • L2 cache speed at 133Mhz & store 512kB information • Pemproses Pentium III memperkenalkan arahan vektor (SIMD). • Merupakan arahan untuk memproses operasi vektor pada data titik apungan • Menggunakan socket versi 370 dinamakan flip-chip yg mempunyai kos rendah

  27. Intel Pentium III • Pentium III Processor • 600 MHz, 9.5 M transistors • 0.25u 5M process, 2.0V, 34.5W • Dynamic Execution Superscalar pipeline • 16/16 KB onchip I/D cache + 512KB offchip 2 nd -level cache • Up to 4GB of addressable memory space • Dual Independent Bus (DIB) architecture

  28. Pemproses Pentium 4 • Mempunyai kadar jam antara 1.3 hingga 1.5 GHz • Set arahan IA-32 disokong sepenuhnya, termasuk arahan MMX dan SSE • Arahan cache untuk memegang segmen laluan perlaksanaan arahan decoded, dikenali sebagai trace

  29. Pemproses Pentium 4 • Trace boleh melebihi satu cabang dalam program asal • Jika laluan ini diulang, perlaksanaan akan menjadi lebih cepat • Pemeriksaan akan dibuat untuk memastikan cabang yang sama diambil apabila trace berulang • RAMBUS memory technology instead of SDRAM • Shift from aluminum to copper interconnection (better conductor – increase clock frequencies)

  30. Sejarah • 1994 • Intel (world’s largest chip manufacturer) dan Hewlett-Packard mengumumkan utk membuat R&D bersaman dlm senibina microprocessor 64-bit • Codename: MERCED • 1996 • Microsoft promises to have a 64-bit version of Windows available for Merced

  31. Sejarah • 1997 • Intel dpt paten ukt teknologi EPIC • Intel and HP talk publicly about Merced for the first time • 1998 • Intel buys the 64-bit Alpha chip from Digital • This is one of the few competitors in the 64-bit chip field • 1999 • Intel delays shipment of Merced until mid-2000

  32. Ciri2 dan Spesifikasi • General Purpose 64-bit microprocessor • Produced on 0.18 micron process technology • reduce power usage • raise operating frequency • enlarge scale integration • All current 64-bit microprocessors use either 0.35 or 0.25 micron technology

  33. Ciri2 dan Spesifikasi • IA-64 (Intel 64-bit Architecture) • Implements EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing) • Fundamental Architecture Technology • similar to RISC and CISC • The compiler, not the processor, performs the paralleling of the instruction stream • simpler architecture of the processor • more registers in EPIC processor • does not waste time on analysis of command stream • New 64-bit instruction set • Fully compatible with IA-32 (Intel’s x86 family)

  34. Ciri2 dan Spesifikasi • Registers • 128 64-bit registers • 128 80-bit floating registers • 64 1-bit predicate registers

  35. Ciri2 dan Spesifikasi GPR=General Purpose Register

  36. Ciri2 dan Spesifikasi • Predication • used to handle conditional branches

  37. Ciri2 dan Spesifikasi • Speculative Loading • reduces processor idle times

  38. Prestasi • Pengoptimuman utk high-end workstations dan servers • Bukan utk desktop atau laptop PC’s • Direkabentuk utk 64-bit operating systems dan software applications • Boleh juga utk 32-bit software

  39. Aplikasi • Enterprise operating systems • 3-D graphics, large dataset modeling • Data warehousing • High-end decision support systems • Electronic commerce applications • Electronic design automation

  40. Persaingan • Merced repeatedly delayed • Currently projected for mid-2000 release • Silicon Graphics releasing RISC-based chip every 6–9 months through 2002, the expected release date of Intel’s “Deerfield” chip, the final IA-64 implementation • HP moving up release of PA-RISC 8600

  41. Masa Depan MERCED • Milestones • Deliver Merced based systems to ISVs (Independent Software Vendors) this month • Deliver Merced systems to a wider audience of OEMs (Other Equipment manufacturers) in a few months • Planned mid-2000 release to general public

  42. Masa Depan MERCED • 8 Operating Systems to run on Merced • 64-bit version of Windows • Solaris • HP-UX • IRIX • Novell’s Modesto • SCO/IBM OS (codename: Monterey) • Tru64 (Compaq’s Unix) • Compaq Linux

  43. Masa Depan MERCED • Only 2 have not yet passed boot test • Tru64 (Compaq’s Unix) • Should boot by end of April • Compaq Linux • Estimated retail price at release: $5000

  44. Masa Depan IA-64 • Three generations of IA-64 after Merced are currently being developed • McKinley (Late 2000 release) • Madison (2002) • Deerfield (2003) • All software written for each generation will be forward compatible to future generations

  45. Masa Depan IA-64 • McKinley • IA-64s first GHz machine • Twice the performance of Merced • Will contain super-fast I/O subsystem • Large memory • Will fit almost all databases within it • Allows for high speed queries and other database executions

  46. Masa Depan IA-64 • Madison • Takes IA-64 from high-powered workstation to the desktop PC

  47. Masa Depan IA-64 • Madison • Uses .13 micron technology • 0.13 micron is the smallest possible size of a component on a chip • Opposed to previous .18 micron technology • Smaller and faster chip than its predecessor • Uses less power than .18 micron technolgy • .18 micron technology allows tens of millions of transistors per chip, .13 micron technolgy hundreds of millions

  48. Masa Depan IA-64 • Deerfield • Scaled down version of Madison • Targeted to be first low cost IA-64 machine • will begin the elimination of IA-32

  49. Pengkomputeran Masa Depan • Ia dikenali sbg UltraScale Computing antaranya: • Swarm Computing – using cellular automata • NeuroComputing – building human brain like structures • Quantum Computing – individual bits are represented by single electrons • DNA Computing – using biological processes to perform computing tasks

  50. Result • We live in exciting times – the pace of change is accelerating to the point that it is difficult to predict even 5 years ahead • This class is your ticket into this changing world of computers • You will learn how computers are designed and how they operate today • So, you can begin to appreciate how they will be designed and how they will operate tomorrow

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