Our Modern World Chapter 33 Human Legacy

1. Our Modern WorldChapter 33 Human Legacy How did we get here?

2. Objectives: • Students will discover trade patterns and their effects on the global community. • Students will determine the impact of oil and Islamist movement on Middle Eastern culture. • Students will identify threats to security of the modern world • Students will investigate the ongoing struggle for human rights around the globe • Students will discover the significance of climate change on human society.

3. Globalization Interdependence • Despite divisions, countries tied together like never before • Globalization is force behind closer relationships • Process in which trade, culture link countries • Cultural Exchange • Improvements in transportation, communication make global trade easier • Major effect of global trade, increased economic interdependence • Relationship among countries in which they depend on each other for resources, goods, services • Occurs because countries vary in goods, services they provide, need Trade and Globalization At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the world was divided over a number of political, cultural, and economic issues.

4. Developed and Developing Countries • Economy • Goods, services nation provides and needs depend on level of economic development in that country • Countries grouped in two categories: developed, developing • Developed • Industrialized nations have strong economies, high standards of living • 20 percent of world’s nations wealthy, powerful like Japan, United States • Have access to good health care, education, technology • Developing • Less productive economies, lower standard of living; Guatemala, Philippines • People in these countries lack adequate education, health care • Poorest, least-developed countries located mostly in Africa, southern Asia

5. The Global North/South Divide

6. Growth and Outsourcing Multinational Corporations • Increasing interdependence and dramatic growth of multinational corporations—large companies operating in multiple countries • Benefits to companies • Outsourcing—having work done elsewhere to cut costs, increase production • Manufacturing facilities in developing countries, where materials, labor relatively inexpensive • Outsourcing • Advocates say: creates jobs and wealth in developing countries • Critics say: fails to improve standard of living, outsourcing causes job loss in company’s home country

8. Global Trade

9. Oil in the Middle East Oil Revenues • About two-thirds of world’s known oil reserved located in Middle East • Reserves have been great source of wealth for Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, other countries • Most members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) • OPEC attempts to regulate production of oil exports to maximize revenues • Oil revenues allowed Middle East governments to modernize countries, promote industrialization, economic, social development Middle East Issues Over the last few decades, major conflicts have erupted in the Middle East. Issues that have contributed to the conflicts include the presence of huge oil reserves, the growth of Islamism, and the conflict between Israel and its neighbors. However, oil has also been a source of conflict.

10. Importance of Oil (Oil Diplomacy) Oil as source of conflict in Middle East • Some governments have used oil revenues to build up military, maintain power, threaten neighbors • Oil wealth has caused internal clashes within countries, societies • Region’s strategic importance as source of oil has led outside nations to become involved in Middle Eastern affairs, politics 1973 Oil Crisis • That year, Egypt and Syria, with the support of other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel on the holiest day of the Jewish calendar. • Israel went on full nuclear alert, loading warheads into planes and long-range missiles. (Yom Kippur War) • The United States chose to re-supply Israel with arms and in response, OAPEC decided to retaliate against the United States, announcing an oil embargo. It lasted until March 1974. • Consequences • High Prices, Rationing, alternative energy research, Growing distrust between Oil producing countries and their trading partners

11. Conflicts, Violence Islamists • Egypt, Iran, Iraq have seen growth of Islamism; has led to conflicts within society, government • Some extremists have used violence to bring about changes, have attacked regional governments, their allies, innocent civilians • Movement to reorder government, society according to Islamic laws • Islamists believe Muslim countries have strayed from true Islam, followed Western models of political, economic development Growth of Islamism

12. Dangerous Weapons Biological Weapons • Many countries possess weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), including • Biological weapons • Chemical weapons • Nuclear weapons • Can cause enormous amounts of destruction • Terrorist groups, governments seek to use for own purposes • Made with organisms, toxins found in nature; easy, inexpensive to develop • Diseases, poisons like anthrax, plague, smallpox • 1972, more than 70 nations signed treaty prohibiting production, possession • Officials worry about biological attacks by terrorist groups Threats to Security In addition to terrorist attacks, there are other threats to global security.

14. Ethnic and Religious Conflicts • Multiple Threats • High-tech weapons threat: have power to destroy, kill • Ethnic, religious conflicts threat: create willingness to destroy, kill • Tutsi, Hutu • 1994, tensions between Tutsi, Hutu ethnic groups led to massacres in Rwanda • 1 million people killed, another 2 million became refugees • French, UN Troops • Worked to maintain ceasefire in Rwanda until new government could establish order • 1998, some involved in the genocide convicted, executed • Darfur • Early 2000s, similar situation in Darfur: Arab militias attacked African villagers • By 2006, 400,000 killed, 2 million fled to refugee camps

16. Statistics: Rwanda 800,000-1.07 million killed in 100 days 8,000-10,710 killed per day 334-447 killed per hour 6-7 killed per minute. Darfur, Sudan 400,00 people have been killed in 1095 days 366 people are killed every day 15 people are killed every hour 1 person is killed every minute The Holocaust 6 million Jews killed in 1460 days 4,110 killed per day 171 killed per hour 3 killed per minute

17. Migration Push, Pull Factors Globalization • Many factors cause people to migrate to a new place • Some “push” people to leave homeland • Others “pull” people to new places • Push factors that displace people: • War • Persecution • Poverty • Pull factors include opportunities for jobs, better life • Migration changed by globalization • Migrants can quickly travel far from home • Can settle in places very different • Mixing of cultures can be dramatic Population Movement The movement of people around the world has increased dramatically in recent years. Some people move in search of better opportunities, while others are refugees, seeking safety in another nation.

18. Statements on Human Rights Globalization and Human Rights • 1948, United Nations issued Universal Declaration of Human Rights • All people deserve basic rights “without distinction of...race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” • 1975, Helskini Accords signers agreed to respect human rights • Violence, human rights abuses not new • Globalization has made world more aware • In recent years, many nations have pledged to respect human rights Human Rights

19. Human Rights Abuses In spite of agreements, torture, slavery, killing, other abuses daily occurrences in some countries • Most common in countries not democracies or in process of establishing democracy • Some groups at greater risk than others • People who disagree with their government • People who are members of religious, ethnic minority • Women and children

20. Poverty Disease • More than 20 percent of world’s people live on less than $1 per day • Poverty has many causes • Lack of natural resources • War • Poor government planning • Rapid population growth • One result—famine, extreme shortage of food • Globalization has made controlling disease challenge for entire world • International air travel allows disease to spread rapidly • 2002, SARS pneumonia appeared in China, spread to Asia, Europe, Americas • Hundreds killed in epidemic, contagious disease outbreak Global Challenges Although globalization is improving the lives of some people, many still face major challenges like poverty, disease, or natural disasters.

22. Distance between rich and poor • 3:1 in 1820 • 35:1 in 1950 • 72:1 in 1992 • 86:1 in 2005 • The US has the widest gap between rich and poor in the world

24. Resource Use Sustainable Development • Improved nutrition, medical treatment have led to dramatic increase in world’s population • 1 billion to over 6 billion since 1800 • Industrialization, development have placed great strain on world’s resources, environment • Major challenge: achieving sustainable development • Economic development that does not permanently damage resources • Try to balance need for development with protection of environment • Limit use of resources • Set aside areas where no development allowed Protecting the Environment How do we balance growth and development with practices that will help protect the resources and environments we all count on?

25. Forests • In areas of Africa, Asia, Latin America, Amazon region of Brazil, deforestation—clearing of trees, taking place at rapid rate • Trees burned, cut down to dig mines, clear land for farming, ranching • Some species of animals, plants have become extinct as result • Deserts • Sahel region of West Africa, people struggling with desertification—spread of desert-like land conditions • Caused partly by drought, partly by human activity • Trees cut for firewood, livestock overgraze land • Without plants, wind blows rich soil away; land becomes useless

26. Threat How To Fight Global Warming • Revolution brought new industrial processes • Created waste products that harmed water, air, land • By 1960s, began to be threat to human survival • Countries cannot agree on how best to fight pollution • One debate, issue of global warming • Rise in surface temperature of earth over time • Many scientists believe air pollution caused by human activity has caused global warming • Could bring disastrous changes in Earth’s climate • Rising Sea Levels • Extinction of Animals • Increased precipitation and storms • Decreased areas for agriculture Pollution The global environment has been seriously affected by pollution. Human beings have always polluted their environments, but pollution did not become a serious issue until the Industrial Revolution.

28. Genetics Altering Genetic Makeup • Developments in study of genes, heredity have led to rapid growth in biotechnology, use of biological research in industry • Some biotechnology companies manufacture vaccines to treat diseases • Other biotechnology companies genetically modify food plants • Altering genetic makeup of plant, animal called genetic engineering • Plants can be hardier, more productive than conventional • Grown where other crops struggle Medicine and Genetic Engineering • Great medical advances took place in years following World War II • Medicines, vaccines developed to prevent spread of contagious diseases, treat physical, mental illness; techniques developed to transplant organs • Advances in ultrasound, laser, and computer technology allow doctors to more easily treat human body

30. Questions for the Modern World • How has globalization affected societies around the globe? • Describe how oil has changed the Middle East and help lead to rise of the Islamist movement? • What was the impact of the Oil embargo of 1973 and how did this embargo affect the nations involved? • Describe the many threats that are faced by all of us in the modern world? • How could climate change or global warning affect our modern world?