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K EFFECTS ON YIELD QUALITY

K EFFECTS ON YIELD QUALITY. Adolf Krauss International Potash Institute Basel, Switzerland. … K effects on yield quality. Contents Why quality? Where is the link between K and quality? What can we prove? Conclusion. … K effects on yield quality. Why quality?. … Why quality?.

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K EFFECTS ON YIELD QUALITY

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  1. K EFFECTS ON YIELD QUALITY Adolf Krauss International Potash Institute Basel, Switzerland

  2. … K effects on yield quality • Contents • Why quality? • Where is the link between K and quality? • What can we prove? • Conclusion

  3. … K effects on yield quality Why quality?

  4. … Why quality? … because urbanisation is advancing

  5. … Why quality? … because urbanisation is advancing, that is more urbanites and less rural people - also in Brazil

  6. … Why quality? … the society is also rapidly ageing like in the OECD countries

  7. … Why quality? … with income and ageing the food habit changes

  8. … why quality? … less cereals and more fruits and vegetables ...

  9. … why quality … less cereals and more fruits and vegetables ...

  10. … why quality? … and more vegetable oil with raising income ...

  11. … why quality? … and customers look first for quality when selecting food

  12. … K effects on yield quality Why quality? What is quality?

  13. … what is quality? Quality is …an intrinsic property of food by which it meets predefined standard requirements. Determinants of food quality can be grouped into several properties. Food quality therefore refers to the value, which is subjectively or objectively attached to food with respect to quality properties… (Alabaka, 1999)

  14. … What is quality? Nutritional properties Functional properties Organo-leptic properties Hygienic properties FOOD QUALITY Environmental compatibility Safe food

  15. … K effects on yield quality Why quality? What is quality? Where is the link between K and quality?

  16. … Where is the link between K and quality? … for example, in N metabolism … CO2 PEP NH3 protein K+ K+Malate- K+NO3 SHOOT PHLOEM XYLEM K+Malate- KNO3 Malate Pyruvate HCO3 K+ K+ NO3 NO3 ROOT Model for the circulation of potassium in relation to nitrate and malate transport (after MARSCHNER, 1995)

  17. … Where is the link between K and quality? … for example, in sugar transport

  18. … Where is the link between K and quality? … for example, in sugar transport

  19. … Where is the link between K and quality? … unless excessive Cl- affects sucrose storage in cane stalks Leaves Sucrose Synthesis Cl- and K+ Exchange processes of Cl- and sucrose in sugarcane (KRAUSS, 1992) Stalk storage cells Retrans location Cl-+K+ Cl-+K+ Cl-+K+ Sucrose Exchange processes Cl-+K+ Sucrose Cl-+K+ Sucrose Xylem Transport Cl- and K+ Cl-+K+ Roots

  20. … Where is the link between K and quality? … unless excessive Cl- affects sucrose storage in cane stalks Leaves Sucrose Synthesis Exchange processes of Cl- and sucrose in sugarcane (KRAUSS, 1992) Cl- and K+ Stalk storage cells Retrans location Cl-+K+ Cl-+K+ Cl-+K+ Sucrose Exchange processes Cl-+K+ Sucrose Cl-+K+ Sucrose Xylem Transport Cl- and K+ Cl-+K+ Roots

  21. … Where is the link between K and quality? … for example, in water utilization K 1 K 2 K 3 Wilting of sugar beets as affected by K supply

  22. … Where is the link between K and quality? … K regulates stomata aperture

  23. … Where is the link between K and quality? … K is the insurance for quality formation even under climatic ... Low K Adequate K Photosynthesis (µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) Drought Stress From CAKMAK, 2003

  24. … Where is the link between K and quality? … or biotic stress Unbalanced high N balanced N sugar sugar Krebs cycle Krebs cycle soluble org N compounds soluble org N compounds secondary compounds secondary compounds Phenols Quinones Phenols Quinones organic N organic N Synthesis of pathogen repellents in plants as affected by the level of N supply (after GRAHAM, 1983)

  25. … K effects on yield quality Why quality? What is quality? Where is the link between K and quality? What can we prove?

  26. … What can we prove? … adequate K improves the nutritive value - for instance in wheat - higher protein content and better appearance -K +K

  27. … What can we prove? … adequate K improves the nutritive value - with higher oil content, more people can get their daily need from the same field +K -K

  28. … What can we prove? … adequate K affects the functional property - with higher sugar content, less cane is required for the same sugar output and thus, less energy for transport and extraction

  29. … What can we prove? … adequate K affects the functional property … the same applies to potato and starch production

  30. … What can we prove? … K is involved with organo-leptic properties … amino acids are important components for tea quality ...

  31. … What can we prove? … K is involved with organo-leptic properties … and potato crisps keep a bright colour when the tubers are fed with adequate K because it lowers the content of reducing sugars +K -K

  32. … What can we prove? … K controls hygienic properties … mouldy fruits, cracked tomatoes from K deficient plants are disliked by consumers ...

  33. … What can we prove? … K controls hygienic properties … also black spots in potato tubers can be controlled by adequate K ... NP control NP + KMgS

  34. … What can we prove? … K enhances the content of functional compounds … Vitamin C and antioxidant contents are improved by adequate K ... O=C HO-C HO-C H-C HO-CH CH2OH O Vit C

  35. POTASSIUM … What can we prove? … K keeps plants healthy and hence the food -K -K +K +K CONTROL

  36. … What can we prove? … K improves the appearance and shelf-life of many crops

  37. … What can we prove? … K improves the appearance and shelf-life of many crops

  38. … What can we prove? … K use meets the environmental requirements … because at balanced fertilization, N use efficiency is improved

  39. … What can we prove? … growth limitation of the shoot e.g. at K deficiency signals to the roots to refrain from further N uptake, so, the plant cannot be forced to absorb N above its needs … Low demand high demand shoot shoot Growth Growth Phloem Phloem Xylem Xylem Growth Growth root root Nitrogen Nitrogen after ENGELS & MARSCHNER, 1995

  40. … K effects on yield quality In conclusion: • legislative measures • trade barriers • gaps in knowledge • agric. practice • quality auditing • confidence of consumers • Producer • globalisation • trade liberalisation • competition • selective and critical consumers • ... • Consumer • healthy food • cheap food • plenty food • protection of the environment • safeguarding natural resources • ...

  41. … K effects on yield quality … Thank you

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