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BARRIERS

BARRIERS. KNR 270. BARRIERS. Intrinsic Barriers Environmental Barriers Communication Barriers (Smith, Austin & Kennedy, 1996) Leisure Provider Actions (Dattilo, 2002) Programmatic Access (Bullock & Mahon, 2002). INTRINSIC BARRIERS. Lack of Knowledge Social Ineffectiveness

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BARRIERS

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  1. BARRIERS KNR 270

  2. BARRIERS • Intrinsic Barriers • Environmental Barriers • Communication Barriers • (Smith, Austin & Kennedy, 1996) • Leisure Provider Actions • (Dattilo, 2002) • Programmatic Access • (Bullock & Mahon, 2002)

  3. INTRINSIC BARRIERS • Lack of Knowledge • Social Ineffectiveness • Health Problems • Physical and Psychological Dependency • Skill / Challenge Gap

  4. ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS • Attitudinal Barriers • Architectural Barriers • Ecological Barriers • Transportation Barriers • Economic Barriers • Rules & Regulation Barriers • Barriers of Omission

  5. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS • Blocked RECIPROCAL interaction between people with disabilities and others • Could be a very hard barrier to overcome • Very critical to leisure involvement

  6. LEISURE PROVIDER ACTIONS • Extrinsic rewards • Overemphasis on Competition

  7. WAYS TO ADDRESS BARRIERS

  8. NEGATIVE ATTITUDES • Personal contact • Examination of attitudes • Education • Simulations • Focus on similarities

  9. ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS • ADA • ADAAG

  10. INTRINSIC BARRIERS • Provide choices • Decrease competition • Decrease extrinsic awards • Positive & specific feedback • Leisure Education

  11. PROGRAMATIC ACCESS • No guidelines like ADAAG • Reasonable accommodations (ADA) • Reasonable adaptations (Dattilo) • Activity analysis • Adaptations/modifications • Task analysis • Partial participation

  12. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

  13. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS (Peterson & Stumbo, 2000) • Procedure for breaking down and examining an activity to find INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS • To better understand activity • Or to provide direction for modification or adaptation • Analyzed as traditionally done • Analyzed independent of participants

  14. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS • Activities require action in 4 behavioral areas • Physical • Cognitive • Affective • Social

  15. PHYSICAL • Body position (sitting, standing, kneeling, etc.) • Body parts (arms, hands, legs, head, etc.) • Types of movement (bending, reaching, running, grasping, etc.) • Coordination (overall, eye-hand) • Strength • Speed • Endurance

  16. COGNITIVE • Rules (number, complexity) • Memory (long-term, immediate recall) • Strategy • Concentration • Skills (reading, writing, math, spelling) • Complexity of scoring • Directionality (left/right, up/down)

  17. SOCIAL • Number of participants • How closely spaced • Physical contact • Noise level • Cooperation or competition • How interact

  18. AFFECTIVE • Joy • Guilt • Pain • Anger • Fear • Frustration

  19. ACTIVITY MODIFICATION

  20. ACTIVITY MODIFICATION • Changing one or more components of an activity to allow participation by someone with a disability • Allows everyone to participate • Once know activity, can match participant skills to requirements of activity • Modify discrepancies

  21. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS • Be flexible & creative • Individualize adaptations • Focus on abilities • Match challenge & skills • Facilitate independence • Determine necessity of adaptations • View adaptations as transitional

  22. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS • Discuss adaptations with participants • Determine feasibility of adaptations • Ensure safety of adaptation • Conduct continuous observations • Make necessary adjustments • Retain original aspects of task

  23. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS • Adapt materials • Size • Speed • Weight • Stabilization • Durability • Safety

  24. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS • Adapt activity • Physical • Cognitive • Social conditions • Be aware of possible affective reactions

  25. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS • Adapt environment • Sensory factors • Participation area

  26. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS • Adapt person • Positioning • Physical aids • Alternative communication • Teach skills

  27. TASK ANALYSIS(Instructional strategies) • Procedure to break skill down to help with instruction or modification

  28. PARTIAL PARTICIPATION • Suggests that people with severe disabilities should be allowed to participate at least partially in skills and activities • Focus on portion they can do • Allow choices & decisions in various ways • Allow verbal participation in activity

  29. Inclusion Hints • What do I know about the activity? • Activity analysis • What do I know about the disability? • What do I know about the person? • What do I need to do to include this person?

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