从词块的使用看英语写作能力的发展

从词块的使用看英语写作能力的发展 洛外濮建忠

主要内容 一、词块的重要性二、词块的观察方法三、学习者词块使用情况四、词块模型的潜在作用五、几点启示

一、词块的重要性 John Sinclair对语言学的最大贡献之一是其对短语式意义单位（phraseological unit of meaning）的研究。 One of Sinclair’s main contributions to linguistic theory is his model of an ELU [Extended Lexical Unit] which is held together by relations of lexis, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.(Stubbs, 2009)

一、词块的重要性 扩展词汇单位（ELU）的五大成分: Core: the node, the invariable part Collocation: co-occurrence between the node and collocates; co-occurring word-forms or tokens Colligation: co-occurrence between the node and abstract grammatical categories; co-occurring grammatical classes

一、词块的重要性 扩展词汇单位（ELU）的五大成分: Semantic preference: co-occurrence between the node and words from characteristic lexical fields; topics, textual coherence Semantic prosody: the function of the whole extended unit; motivation, communicative purpose There is co-selection of lexis, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and text-type.

二、词块的观察方法 1. 观察词丛（clusters） 2. 观察搭配（collocations） 3. 观察“共元”（concgrams） 4. 查Collins COBUILD on CD-ROM

二、词块的观察方法 1. 观察词丛（clusters）用Wordsmith软件工具的wordlist功能对文本或语料库做词丛表（如：三词词丛表），将词丛表作为观察对象。也可进一步用keywords功能对词丛表进行比较分析等。

二、词块的观察方法 2. 观察搭配（collocations）以具体的词形（word forms）为搜索词，用concord功能做KWIC索引，然后通过各类排序观察索引行，同时查看带MI值的搭配词、搭配型式（patterns）以及索引基础上的词丛等。

二、词块的观察方法 3. 观察“共元”（concgrams）在知晓搭配的基础上，用concord功能同时搜索一个词和它的语境词（context word）也即搭配词，观察“共元”的索引行。

二、词块的观察方法 4. 查Collins COBUILD on CD-ROM 该词典提供了搭配（collocation）、类联接（colligation）、语义倾向（semantic preference）甚至语义韵（semantic prosody）等信息。

二、词块的观察方法 Semantic preference Collocation Colligation Semantic prosody(approval) 4. 查Collins COBUILD on CD-ROM A person, place, book, or film that is full of life gives an impression of excitement, energy, or cheerfulness. The town itself is full of life and character.

二、词块的观察方法 Collocation Colligation Semantic Preference Semantic prosody(Not intended) 4. 查Collins COBUILD on CD-ROM If you find yourself doing something, you are doing it without deciding or intending to do it. I found myself having more fan than I had had for year.

二、词块的观察方法 Semantic prosody(approval) Collocation Colligation Semantic Preference 4. 查Collins COBUILD on CD-ROM If you describe a report or speech as hard-hitting, you like the way it talk about difficult or serious matters in bold or direct way. … a hard-hitting account of violence in the home..

三、学习者词块使用情况 1. 词丛的使用情况 2. 搭配的使用情况 3. 对“共元”的初步观察

1、词丛的使用情况

1、词丛的使用情况 从词丛的角度看，学习者和本族语者的语言使用均表现出相当的线性组块性特征。本族语者达到了10.90‰，学习者平均达到了13.11‰ 学习者的常用词丛受主题和体裁的影响很大。三个不同的主题和体裁中，相同的常用词丛只占6.87%

2、搭配的使用情况

2、搭配的使用情况 学习者和本族语者的语言使用均表现出显著的词语共选特征。有显著性意义的搭配词总要占全部使用实例的一定比例。学习者在搭配的使用上，不论质或量，均未表现出明显的发展或变化。

3、对“共元”的初步观察enjoy/life

3、对“共元”的初步观察part/in/life

三、学习者词块使用情况 小结：从词丛看，学习者和本族语者的语言使用均表现出相当的线性组块性特征。但学习者的常用词丛受主题和体裁的影响很大，其它则发展变化不大。

三、学习者词块使用情况 小结：从搭配看，学习者和本族语者的语言使用均表现出显著的词语共选特征。但学习者在搭配的使用上没有明显的进步。

三、学习者词块使用情况 小结：从对“共元”的观察看，学习者在语言使用中自觉不自觉地遵守着“语义和谐（一致）”（semantic harmony）的原则。在延伸的“共元”中，学习者的态度或评价得到更好的展示。

四、词块模型的潜在作用 1、编写词块或短语式意义单位词典（the ultimate dictionary） 2、构建篇章衔接理论（a theory of textual cohesion） 3、构建搭配理论（a theory of collocation）

四、词块模型的潜在作用 4、构建社会行为理论（a theory of social action） 5、构建关于人如何识解世界的理论（a theory of how people construe the world） 6、构建数据驱动的意义理论（empirical semantics）

五、几点启示 思路决定出路掌握正确的语言观和意义观能让我们走得更远。 Meaning is use. You shall know a word by the company it keeps. Trust the text. (the principle of co-selection, the idiom principle, the phraseological tendency, Meaning Shift Unit)

五、几点启示 经验是巨大的财富积累人类的语言信息资源能让我们成为真正的富翁。学生产出的语言如果有效收集起来将是语言教学与研究极好的资源。

五、几点启示 电脑是强大的工具用好电脑这一工具能让我们成为真正的智者。工具有多种用途，熟练掌握Wordsmith等工具的使用能大大提高我们对语言本质的理解和认识。

Appendix: example writing 1 Dear Maggie, How is everything going with you? Now I have spent more than 2 months experiencing my college life. I’d like to tell you something about it. The day I arrived here is unforgetable. But it’s not because of something wondeful. Let me tell you the whole day. The school bus took me into the campus. Then I got off, draging my package to

Appendix: example writing 1 register. A sophomore helped with carrying the beddings upto my four-floor dormitory. It was hot and I was so tired that I took no notice of the campus, just feeling that the campus was so vast. Also I found there was several long slopes. Then I visited my majored department. I felt good with it. Oh, now. I have to stop here. Best wishes for you! Yours Lotus

Appendix: example writing 2 My favorite teacher My first English teacher, Marnia, is so kind a teacher that she's never far from my thought. Anytime I come upon difficulties I think of her encouraging words. Then I can carry on with determination. Because I never contacted English before junior school, I had trouble in accepting it at the very beginning and became quite frustrated. Soon, Marnia noticed my problem. She gave extra instruction, patiently taught me the alphabet and corrected my wrong pronunciation. She helped me regain my

Appendix: example writing 2 confidence not only in studies but also in interpersonal communication. She impressed upon me that one should not look down upon someone who is inferior to you and that one should hold your confidence in the presence of those who are superior to you and meanwhile try hard to make progress at anytime. I kept her words in mind, thus I felt more at ease in dealing with everyday affairs. I also learned to live with dignity. With her encouragement and my efforts, I began to blossom in English. I fell in love with it and was passionate. Then Marnia brought me to the English

Appendix: example writing 2 corner and other activities to practice more. Maybe at that time I wasn't skilled enough, but a strong interest had been planted within my heart. I really admire Marnia's sense of commitment. She gave me a beautiful time in junior school. She's more a friend to me than a teacher.

Appendix: example writing 3 Advantages and disadvantages of computers The advent of computer certainly has brought great changes to the world. People praise computer and meanwhile curse it as its impacts divides into the good and the bad. Computer facilites mankind in tremendous ways. We become more effecient and physically relaxing in our work because computers act as "cammander of the troop", sparing us the trouble of doing the time-consuming things in person. It supervises. It calculates. It memorizes. And it never complains and never feels tored. You can count on it completely.

Appendix: example writing 3 It does you great favors. Information is readily presented as you want. Entertainment is never far away when you feel bored. In a word, you get a terrific helper as you get a computer. Excited at all the complimentaries? Wait! It also gets its evil side. Information may not only be enough, it is bound to explode and make you dizzy. Unseemingly and inproper pictures and words hide somewhere and jump in front of you, leaving you sick and disgusting. Entertainment can drown you! You became an addict worse than dopers. You rely solely on it and store all you important document in it?

Appendix: example writing 3 You are brave enough not to have a paper copy! Virus attack will make you paralyzed. And what's more, you realize you occasionally drop a line to your friends. How long haven't you dropped by their house? Let's just stop count on the crimes computer has committed. Why not reflect on ourselves for a while? Things get two sides of them. What we have to do is reveal the best part of the computer.

从词块的使用看 英语写作能力的发展