Introduction

1. Workshop protocolCase KuopioRaine Mäntysalo, Vesa Kanninen& Marco te BrömmelstroetCentre for Urban and Regional Studies YTKAalto University

2. Introduction • The ’implementationgap’ of the respective Planning Support Systems (LUT PSS) betweentheory and practice. • In Finland, the “Kuopio Three Urban Fabrics Model” has created a successful local platform for communication between the different fields of planning and design, and related political decision making, and has thus functioned as a transdiscursive planning tool. • The Kuopio case has been studied using a theoretical concept ‘trading zone’, developed by Peter Galison in the field of social studies of science and technology. • The analysis suggests that the success of an integrative LUT planning instrument depends on the degree to which it is able to generate a local communicative platform, a narrowed down “pidgin language” between the different planning perspectives (e.g. land use and tranportation planning).

3. Trading zonePeter Galison (1997): Image and Logic. A Material Culture of Microphysics • While the concept has been well established in the field of sociological studies of science and technology, its applicability in the realms of environmental planning and policy-making has been gaining increasing interest. • ‘Trading zone’ refers to infrastructures and concepts that function as “exchange languages” for the mutual “out-talk” between members of different sub-cultures. • A platform where highly elaborate and complicated issues can be transformed into “thin descriptions” for the purposes of exchanging information – in a certain locality. • Originally developed to describe inter-cultural coordination between different groups of scientists (e.g. theorists, empiricists and instrumentalists in microphysics) • Analogy to anthropological linguistics studies of pidgin and creole languages • Related to the ’boundary object’ concept (Star & Griesemer 1989) but more dynamic.

4. The Kuopio Three Urban Fabrics Model Walking City Transit City Car City • Developedby the city planner Leo Kosonen and hiscolleagueslocally in the city of Kuopio (97.000 inhabitants), in eastern Finland, during the last 20 years. • Motivated by the need to manage the urban growth of Kuopio with means that would have better responsiveness to problems of urban sprawl and increasing car-based mobility. • The core idea of the model is a radically simplified conception of the urban system (inspired especially by Newman & Kenworthy):

5. The Kuopio Three Urban Fabrics Model Transit city as a ”string of pearls” with elaboratedguidelines for bothstrategic and detailedlanduseplanning as well as transportationnetworkplanning and detailedstreet design.

6. Saaristokatu Project

7. The generation of the Kuopio Three Urban Fabrics Model – a trading zone Walking City Transit City Car City • A ‘thin description’ of the urban system for the mutual coordination of planning between the different sectors of public planning and administration • The model resonates with the citizens’ everyday experience of the functioning of the city. Therefore the local lay politicians can rather easily grasp the planning principles – fostering balance between the different city types - that the model portrays. • During the evolution of the model, new elements and actor groups have been integrated and new more sophisticated tools of planning and analysis have been developed.

8. Researchproject:Car-dependenturbanstructure & itsalternatives The Three UrbanFabricsModeldevelopedinto a GIS-basedurbanplanningtool in cooperation with localplanners Walking City Transit City Car City

9. YKR: The data system for analysing and monitoring the development urban and regional structure • GIS-based data utilizing data fromStatistics Finland • Independent of municipalboundaries • Information of long termtrends (since 1980): developmentalanalyses and comparisonsbetweenregions • Comparativeknowledge (in time and location) of urbanstructure: housing, jobs, services, greenery and connectionsbetweenthem • Basic tool for monitoring, analysing and planning

14. Planning goals in Kuopio Three Urban Fabrics Model Walking City Transit City Car City • Balancingdifferentmodes of mobility and counter-acting the expansion of the Car City and relatedcardependency • Steering urban growth on the basis of Transit City growth fingers • Increasing the attractiveness of the city centre on the basis of Walking City

17. Accessibility measures in Kuopio • Walking City • Zone 1 (blue): the commercial centre and surroundings within a 1 km circle, pedestrian grid • Zone 2 (green): inner suburbs within a 1 km distance to Zone 1, with good pedestrian and bicycle routes to the centre • Transit City – Zone 3 (red): outer suburbs along bus route “strings”, with housing “pearls” surrounding bus stop nodes within 250 m distance, bus frequency 10-15 min • Car City - Zone 4 (yellow): other outer suburbs

19. Understanding changes in accessibility in Kuopio Share of inhabitantsliving in areas with density of min. 20 res./ha, 1990-2005

20. Understanding changes in accessibility in Kuopio Share of inhabitantslivingand/orworking in cardependentzones, 1990-2005

21. Understanding changes in accessibility in Kuopio Averagedistance to nearestgrocerystore in differentmobilityzones, 2000-2008

22. Population in differentmobilityzones, 1980-2005

23. Populationdensity (res./ha) in differentmobilityzones, 1980-2005

24. Amount of jobs in differentmobilityzones, 1980-2005

26. Designing integrated strategies in Kuopio • The Three Urban Fabrics Model adopted as a framework for other sectors of administration, too. • The statistical district data and mobility surveys arranged accordingly. • Adopted in different policy and planning measures, e.g. Kuopio Architectural Policy, the Healthy City Programme. • Key projects: Saaristokatu, City centre pedestrian street grid • Greatest challenge: Out-of-town shopping centre projects (e.g. Ikea-Ikano)