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The Mouth

The Mouth. Roof- covered by mucous membranes Front part is a bony portion= hard palate Fleshy rear part= soft palate Purpose: the hard palate divides the mouth and the nasal passages above the soft palate acts as a curtain between the mouth and the pharynx . Tongue.

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The Mouth

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  1. The Mouth • Roof- covered by mucous membranes • Front part is a bony portion= hard palate • Fleshy rear part= soft palate • Purpose: • the hard palate divides the mouth and the nasal passages above • the soft palate acts as a curtain between the mouth and the pharynx

  2. Tongue • Made up of many different muscles • Needed for: • Chewing • Swallowing • Talking

  3. Papillae Bitter Sour Sweet Salty • Upper surface is covered by papillae (containing taste buds) • sweet, salty, sour & bitter

  4. Papilla- Cone Shaped Protuberance

  5. Salivary Glands 1. Parotid Gland 2. Submandibular Gland 3. Sublingual Gland • Three pairs • Saliva contains a digestive enzyme called amylase • Amylase breaks down starch

  6. Lips Orbicularis Oris Covered w/ skin on the outside & mucous cells on the inside Major lip muscle = OrbicularisPris Inside portion of both lips are connected to the gums

  7. Permanent Teeth Teeth! Primary Teeth Also known as baby teeth, milk teeth, or deciduous teeth Children have 20 Adult or secondary teeth Adults have 32 permanent teeth

  8. Bell Work Name the five types of teeth found in an adult’s mouth (include how many there are of each).

  9. Types of Teeth Incisors- chisel shaped to bite into food Canines/Cuspids- “cusp” means pointed; next to incisors; tear food Bicuspids/premolars- tear and grind; total of 8 Molars- grind an mash food; have 4-5 cusps; 12 total

  10. Incisors Canine/ Cuspid Bicuspid/ Premolar Molars

  11. Wisdom Teeth (aka third molars) • May grow sideways, partially emerging from the gum • If partially erupted, bacteria grow around the tooth opening  infection • Embedded= impacted

  12. Tissue of the Teeth Pulp- blood vessel/nerve/CT Dentin- calcified tissue surrounding the pulp Enamel- non-living calcium phosphate and carbonate surrounding the dentin

  13. Teeth Security Alveoli- tooth socket Gingiva- mucosal tissue covering the alveolar processes Periodontal ligaments- attaches tooth to the alveolar bone; secures teeth

  14. Crown - the visible part of a tooth. Gums - soft tissue surrounding the base of the teeth. Root – anchor extending to the jawbone (range= 1-4)

  15. Periodontal Disease • def: the inflammation/degradation of periodontal ligaments, gingiva, & alveolar bone • Affects: • Gums & bones supporting the teeth

  16. Cont… • Cause: • Accumulation plaque  tarter buildup • Result of inadequate brushing & flossing • Most common disease= gingivitis • Gingivitis Periodontal Disease

  17. Gingivitis-inflammation of the gums caused by bacteria in plaque

  18. Moderate Periodontal Disease- Low grade infection of the gums Periodontal pocket (5mm) Tartar Buildup

  19. Advanced Periodontal Disease- destroys the alveolar process that holds the teeth Periodontal pocket (+6 mm)

  20. Cavities • Cause: • Bacteria & food particles stick to teeth  plaque • Bacteria digests carbs in food acid • w/o treatment: • Destroys enamel & decay progresses to dentin • Treatment: • filling, root canal, capping, removal

  21. Plaque

  22. Malocclusion • The failure of the teeth to meet properly • Ie. overbite, underbite, and crowding • Treatment: Braces

  23. Halitosis (aka bad breath) • Cause: • Sulphur produced when bacteria break down food • Smoking, tooth decay or gum disease, diet or dry mouth • Kidney or liver failure

  24. Beyond the Mouth… -Food down the oropharynx • Down the esophagus • To the Stomach

  25. Anatomy • Gastroesophageal/ Cardiac Opening- opening of esophagus into stomach • Lower Esophageal Sphincter/Cardiac Sphincter- muscle surrounding the cardiac opening Cardiac Sphincter Cardiac Opening

  26. Fundus- left of & supperior to cardiac opening • Body- largest part • Greater Curvature • Lesser Curvature Fundus Body Lesser Curvature Greater Curvature

  27. Pyloric Part • Pyloric Antrum= wider part of funnel • Pyloric Canal-=narrow part of funnel • Pyloric Orifice= where pyloric canal opens into small intestine • Pyloric Sphincter (Pylorus)= ring of smooth muscle (regulates gastric movement into small intestine) Pyloric Sphincter Pyloric Orifice Pyloric Antrum Pyloric Canal

  28. Histology • Serosa- outermost layer of the stomach • Simple squamous epithelium & inner CT • Muscularis • Three layers: longitudinal, circular, inner oblique • Submucosa & Mucosa • Rugae- large folds that allow the mucosa & submucosa to stretch • Lined w/ simple columnar epithelium • Epithelium forms tube-like gastric pits= openings for gastric glands

  29. Epithelial Cells (5 types) • Surface Mucous Cells: produce mucous on cell surface; lines gastric pit • In the gastric gland: • Mucous Neck Cells: produce mucous (protects stomach wall from chyme and pepsin) • Parietal Cells: produce HCl (breaks down protein and food microbes) & intrinsic factor (absorption of vitamins) • Chief Cells: produce pepsinogen (activated by HCl which becomes pepsin which breaks down protein) • Endocrine Cells: produce regulatory hormones Surface Mucous Cells Mucous Neck Cells Parietal Cells Endocrine Cell Chief Cells

  30. Stomach • Functions: • Storage • Mixing & Propulsion • Digestion • Absorption Not so much

  31. Mixing & Storage • Chyme- mixture of food & stomach secretion • Stomach Secretions= mucus, hydrochloric acid, gastrin, histamine, intrinsic factor, & pepsinogen

  32. Stomach Movement Food Enters Rugae flatten & volume increases Mixing waves & Peristaltic Contractions Food is mixed w/ secretions= chyme Peristaltic waves- force chyme near pyloric sphincter Peristaltic contractions force chyme through pyloric opening Chyme enters the duodenum

  33. Waves • Mixing Waves- contractions occurring every 20 s, proceeding from the body to the pyloric sphincter. • Peristaltic Waves- occur less frequently, more powerful, force chyme towards the pyloric sphincter.

  34. Heartburn (Pyrosis) • Painful/burning sensation in the chest • Reflux of chyme into the esophagus • Pain may be confused w/ an ulcer or heart attack • Cause: overeating fatty foods, lying down after a meal, too much alcohol or caffeine, & smoking

  35. Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer) • Cause: • Destruction of the mucosal lining of the stomach by HCl • Symptoms: • Burning/gnawing feeling in the stomach (30 min- 3 hrs.) • May be interpreted as heartburn, indigestion or hunger • Relieved by drinking milk, eating, resting, or antacids • Black stool, vomiting, blood in the stool, anemia

  36. Bell Work Name/identify the various parts of the stomach.

  37. The Small Intestine • Three Parts: • Duodenum (25 cm) • Jejunum (2.5m) • Ileum (3.5m) • Two Accessory Glands • Liver • Pancreas Associated w/ Duodenum Where the greatest amount of digestion and absorption occur!

  38. Duodenum Anatomy • Curves within the abdominal cavity • Head of pancreas is within the arc • Beginning: short/superior part exiting the pylorus of the stomach • Ending: sharp bend joining the jejunum

  39. Two mounds within the Duodenum (2/3 the way down) • Ducts from the liver &/or the pancreas open here

  40. Other Digestive Organs • Pancreas- helps control blood sugar levels • Liver- produces bile to break down fat • Gallbladder- stores bile

  41. Villi- projections of the mucous membrane of the intestine • Covered by simple columnar epithelium

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