The Spread of Spanish America

1. The Spread of Spanish America • Colonial empire • 160,000 Spaniards subjugate millions of Indians • Universities in Mexico City and Lima

2. Global Competition • John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) 1497-98 • Jacques Cartier & Giovanniada Verrazano (1524 and 34) • Spanish- St. Augustine (1565) • Oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in future U.S.

4. 1598- Exploration into the Rio Grande Valley • Don Juan de Oñate • Cruelly abused Pueblos

5. Battle of Acoma • 1599 • 1609: proclaim province New Mexico and founded capital at Santa Fé • No gold but souls

6. Mission societies

7. Popé’s Rebellion- 1680 • Indian (Pueblo) uprising in colonial NM • Destroyed all churches, killed • Built a kiva on the ruins of Spanish plaza • Nearly 50 yrs to reclaim NM

8. French expedition in 1680s • LaSalle down MS river • Spanish started establishing missions/settlements in Texas • Alamo

9. California • No outside threats • 1769: Father Junipero Serra founded San Diego • 21 missions Franciscans

10. Franciscan way of conversion • Gathered seminomadic Indians into fortified missions • Taught them horticulture and basic crafts

11. “Mission Indians” • Adopted Christianity • Lost contact with their native culture • diseases

12. Black Legend • Conquerers tortured and butchered Indians, stole gold, infected them with smallpox, and left nothing but misery • In reality, created an empire & laid the foundations for many future Spanish speaking nations

13. Something to think about • “The Spanish paid the Native Americans the high compliment of fusing with them through marriage and incorporating indigenous culture into their own, rather than shunning and eventually isolating the Indians as their English adversaries would do.”

14. English colonization • Not interested early 1500s • Allies with Spain • Protestant Reformation • 1558: Elizabeth→ rivalry w/ Spain

15. Privateers/Pirates/Sea Dogs • “Twin goals” of profit and Protestantism • Sir Francis Drake (4,600 percent return)

16. Roanoke • 1585 • Sir Walter Raleigh • Virginia (Elizabeth) • vanished

17. Spanish Armada • “Protestant wind” • Beginning of the end of Spain’s imperial dreams • Beginning of English naval power

18. Characteristics of England • Strong, unified national state under a popular monarch • Measure of religious unity • A vibrant sense of nationalism • 1604: signed peace treaty with Spain

19. Other factors • Population growing (+1 million in 50 yrs) • Woolen districts • Drifters/beggars/paupers • “surplus population” • Primogeniture • Joint-stock companies

20. Peace with a chastened Spain provided the opportunity for English colonization. Population growth provided the workers. Unemployment, as well as a thirst for adventure, for markets, and religious freedom, provided the motives. Joint-stock companies provided the financial means. The stage was not set for a historic effort to establish an English . . .

21. 1606 • Virginia Company (joint-stock) • Charter colony • Intended to make money quickly, not stay

22. Jamestown charter • Guaranteed colonists would have the same rights as English citizens • Ironic

23. May 24, 1607 • Jamestown= bad life • Captain John Smith • “dogges, Catts, Ratts, and Myce” • 400 settlers 1609→60 after 1610

24. Spring 1610 • Colonists leaving • Met by Lord De La Warr • 1625: 1200 Virginians