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Rrjetat e Kompjuterave

Rrjetat e Kompjuterave. Mimoza Durresi Department of Computer and Information Science IUPUI Durresi@csc.iupui.edu. Trende. Overview. Rrjetat – mjete per te permiresuar komunikimin Arkitecturat e Rrjetave Evolucioni i Rrjetave Trende ne Rrjeta

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Rrjetat e Kompjuterave

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  1. Rrjetat e Kompjuterave MimozaDurresi Department of Computer and Information Science IUPUIDurresi@csc.iupui.edu Trende

  2. Overview • Rrjetat – mjete per tepermiresuarkomunikimin • Arkitecturat e Rrjetave • EvolucioniiRrjetave • Trende ne Rrjeta • Psenaduhetnje Internet i “ri”?

  3. Komunikimi • ShkembimiiInformacionit (Komunikimi), ben temundurshoqerinenjerezoredhecivilizimin • Permiresimet ne komunikim – kaneshenjuarhistorine e civilizimit • Gjuha • Shkrimi • Librat • Kominikimetelektronike, Interneti

  4. Komunikimi me Kompjuter • Veglatekrijuara per tepermiresuaraftesitetona: • Automobilet, aeroplanet, mikroskopet, teleskopet • Telegraf , Telefon • Kompjuterattelindur per temagazinuardheperpunuarinformacion • Kompjuterat per tekomunikuar; Rrjetat – me shume se dykompjutera • Cdoepoke ne historinenjerezoreeshtedominuarnganjevegel: • Revolucioni Industrial: motorri me avull • Epoka e informacionit: Kompjuteratdherrjetat • Internetieshemjeti universal per komunikim

  5. Vlera e Rrjetave • Ligjii Metcalfe • Vlera e njerrjeteeshte ne perpjestimtedrejte me katrorin e numerittenyjeve

  6. ZhvillimSpektakular

  7. IT & EvolucioniiTelekomit Wireless Sensor Nets Telecom Internet + Telecom Cell Phones Everywhere (~2000) virtualized via sensors & actuators The Physical World Information Tech data The Virtual World control Global Internet for data & telecom Digital Media Convergence (2000-2010) Global Internet (~2000) Pervasive Computing (2015-)

  8. Ekonomia e Re • Transformimethemelore ne ekonomimbasibuznesetperfitojnengateknologjite e reja, mundesite e reja, dheinvestimetkombetare ne kompjutera, dheteknologjite e informacionit • Teknologjite e rejatetelekomunikacionevekanedhenekontributetemedha ne Ekonomine e Re • Mundesi per prodhimetereja per biznesetdhekonsumatoret • Forma me eficienteteorganizimit industrial temundesuarangakomunikime me te lira dheeficiente. • NderkoheqesektoriiTelekomiteshtenjeperqindI ekonomise ne US, kysektorgjenerondhjeteperqindterritjesekonomikekombetare • Si ta mbajmedhepermiresojmeketefaktor me 10?

  9. Rritja e traffikut global ne Exabytes, 2011–2016

  10. Prashikimii Cisco 56 Exabytes per muaj per trafikun IP ne 2013

  11. Internet Video

  12. Video

  13. Internet Video gjeneron me shumetrafik se sa e gkothe backbone e US ne 2000

  14. Mobile Video

  15. Mobile Cloud • Aplikimet media ne Cloud shumfishojnetrafikun e Smartphone

  16. Mobility - levizshmeria Laptopetdhepaisjet e levizeshme me breztegjererrisintrafikun

  17. Mobility Mundesia e rritjes se trafikut per njeklient mobile

  18. A varetteknologjiavetemngafaktoretteknike ? • Teknologjiavaretngasistemi socio-teknik • Social, Politik, Economik, Instituconal • Jo thjeshtproduktracionalishkencetarevedheinxhinjereve • Ttknologjiakuptohetkurshihetsipjese e shoqerise • Shembuj: • Motorrat e makinave: djegje e brendeshme vs. avull • Teknologjite e rrjetave: • OSI vs. TCP/IP vs. ATM, Ethernet vs. Token Ring, ISDN vs. fax • Ne teardhmen: Mekanizmat e Cilesise se Sherbimit (Quality of Service) ne Internet

  19. Faktoret e Suksesit per SherbimeteReja • Teknologjianukeshteivetmifaktor per suksesin e njesherbimi • Trefaktore ne sherbimettelekom Market Technology New Service Can it be implemented cost-effectively? Can there be demand for the service? Is the service allowed? Regulation

  20. Standartet • Internet Engineering Task Force • Internet standards development • Request for Comments (RFCs): www.ietf.org • International Telecommunications Union • International telecom standards • IEEE 802 Committee • Local area and metropolitan area network standards • Industry Organizations • MPLS Forum, WiFi Alliance, World Wide Web Consortium

  21. Rrjetatjaneshumekomplekse • Shumellojteknologjish • Jo tegjithestandartetjanekompatibel • Shumeteknologji per telidhurrrjetat • Nuk ka njeteoritevetme • Si testudiohenrrjetat? • Perqendrim ne koncepte • Kurduhetshkongakonceptettekdetajet • Konceptetmerrenborxhndermejtteknologjive

  22. SuksesiiInternetit

  23. Scalability – Shkallezimieshtekonceptithemelor ne rrjeta If you can scale, everything else must be working Mike O’Dell, Chief Technologist, UUNET • Nuk ka njemakineqeteketeinformacionteplote per gjendjen e sistemit • Makinatmarrinvendime duke u bazuarvetem ne informacionelokale • Ndalimi I njemakinenukshkaterronsistemin

  24. EvolucioniiRrjetaveteKopjuterave • 1950s: Teknologjiatelegrafitperfshinkompjuterat • 1960s: Terminale pa inteligjence per teperdorurkomjuterat • SABRE sistemi I rezervimittekompaniveajrore • 1970s: Kompjuteratlidhendirekt me njeritjetrin • ARPANET rrjeta me kucjepakete • TCP/IP internet protocolle • Ethernet local area network • 1980s & 1990s: New applications and Internet growth • Commercialization of Internet • E-mail, file transfer, web, P2P, . . . • Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic

  25. Store-and-forward Packet Switching • To interconnect many computers • Statistical multiplexing – more efficient than time-division multiplexing • ARPNET late 1960s • The network is peripheral

  26. Local Area Networks • Emergence of LANs • Ethernet 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps • Ethernet everywhere: LAN and WAN

  27. FTP HTTP NV TFTP UDP TCP IP … NET NET NET 2 1 n Arkitektura e Internetit • E Percaktuarnga Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • Hourglass Design

  28. TCP,UDP IP ATM,Ethern. Internet Protocol IP • Hour-glass model: • MbanbashkeInternetin, • Cdogjembi IP, dhe IP mbicdogje • Gjuhe e perbashket • Implementuar ne hostedheroutera • lejonheterogjenitetin • Qasjeminimale. Best effort datagram service • NjengaarsyetkryesoretesuksesitteInternetit

  29. Gjeneratat e Internetit • Internet 1.0 (1969 -1989) • Projektkerkimor • RFC1 – April 1969 • ARPA projektifilloidisaviteme pare • IP, TCP, UDP • Kryesishtkerkuesshkencore

  30. Internet 1.0 • Paul Baran ne 1960s, mendonterrjetaqemundt’iqendroninsulmeetemedha

  31. Internet 1.0 • A rough sketch map of the possible topology of ARPANET by Larry Roberts. The map was drawn in the late 1960s as part of the planning for the network

  32. Internet 1.0 - 2.0

  33. Internet Generations • Internet 2.0 (1989 – Present) – Komercial – Kerkesatereja • Security RFC1108 n 1989 • Inter-domain routing: OSPF, BGP • IP Multicasting • Address Shortage, IPv6 • Congestion Control, Quality of Service… • VoIP, P2P, Skype…

  34. Historical Maps of Computer Networks • http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html • The pioneering research of Paul Baran in the 1960s, who envisioned a communications network that would survive a major enemy attacked. • Donald Davies, a pioneer in networking in the 1960s • A good book Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon

  35. E Ardhmja e Internetit The next killer application is …

  36. Smartphone>PCShipmentsWithin2Years,Global– ImpliesVeryRapidEvolutionofInternetAccess GlobalUnitShipmentsofDesktopPCs+NotebookPCsvs.Smartphones,2005–2013E 700 2012E:InflectionPoint Smartphones>TotalPCs 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 AnnualUnitShipments(MM) 2005 2006 200720082009E2010E2011E2012E DesktopPCs NotebookPCs Smartphones 2013E Note:NotebookPCsincludeNetbooks.Source:IDC,Gartner,MorganStanleyResearchestimates. 5

  37. Global Mobile Data Growth Today is Similar to Global Internet Growth in the Late 1990s

  38. Device Diversification

  39. One-Quarter of Mobile Users Will Own Two or More Mobile-Connected Devices by 2016 • By the end of 2012, the number of mobile-connected devices will exceed the number of people on earth, and by 2016 there will be 1.4 mobile devices per capita.

  40. Comparison of Global Device Unit Growth and Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth

  41. Traffic Offload from Mobile Networks to Fixed Networks • 22 Percent of Total Mobile Data Traffic will be Offloaded in 2016

  42. Machine-to-Machine Traffic to Increase 22-Fold Between 2011 and 2016

  43. Permbledhje • Rrjetat – mjete per tepermiresuarkomunikimet • Arkitektura e rrjetave • Evolucioni I Rrjetave • Trende

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