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_____________________________________________ Scotland’s Climate Change Declaration March 2014

_____________________________________________ Scotland’s Climate Change Declaration March 2014. Sustainable Scotland Network: GHG accounting Training. Justin Goodwin Glasgow 19 th , Edinburgh 20 th and Aberdeen 21 st March 2014. GHG Accounting Training.

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_____________________________________________ Scotland’s Climate Change Declaration March 2014

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  1. _____________________________________________ Scotland’s Climate Change Declaration March 2014

  2. Sustainable Scotland Network: GHG accounting Training. Justin GoodwinGlasgow 19th, Edinburgh 20th and Aberdeen 21st March 2014

  3. GHG Accounting Training • Introduction to GHG estimation: 10:00 – 11:00 (60 min) • Coffee 11:00 – 11:15 • UK/Scottish greenhouse gas inventories – DEFRA/DECC, the Net Scottish Emissions Account: 11:15- 12:30 (1h:15 min) • Lunch: 12:30 - 13:30 • SCCD Declaration future plans (SSN)13:30 – 14:00 • Localising climate change reporting : 14:00 – 14:45 (45 min) • Coffee 14:45 - 15:00 • Overview of SCCD challenges and opportunities 15:00 – 15:15 (15 min) • Discussion on  SCCD solutions for area wide: 15:15 – 16:00

  4. Introduction to GHG estimation: 10:00 – 11:00 (60 min) • Terminology • Driving forces • Simplicity of GHG accounting. • Where the complexity starts.

  5. GHG terminology: 1 • Historic emissions/removals: • (commonly 1990 (or other base year) – Latest historic year (e.g. 2011/2012) • Projections: from latest year to future years: • Builds in assumptions on economy and technology changes. • ..including mitigation measures • Scenarios (test out different assumptions) • Mitigation (policies &) measures (PAMS): • list of actions to reduce GHGs • Can be developed independently of projections • Qualitative or quantitative • Targets: • Quantitative: Based on projections & analysis of PAMs. • Political. To match/beat other campaigns. • Reporting: • some form of communication on historic or projected/PAMs • Emissions/Removals Trading • Kyoto Protocol • EU Emissions Trading Scheme

  6. GHG terminology: 2 • Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV): • Emerging terminology for supporting action with trust-worthy data on progress • Sources: • Activities resulting in emissions of GHGs to the atmosphere. • Sinks: • Activities resulting in removals of GHGs from the atmosphere and storage • Sectors: • High level Categorisation of sources and sinks • Categories and sub-categories: • Detailed level of categorisation of sources and sinks • Key Categories: • categories that have a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of greenhouse gases

  7. GHG terminology: 3 • Gases: • Types of GHGs emitted and accounted for (direct / indirect) • “Basket of six” CO2, N2O,CH4, SF6, PFCs, HFCs indirect: NOx, NMVOC, SO2, CO • “Bio-carbon” • Uncertainties: • The margin of error likely for calculated GHG datasets. • Tiers: • methodological complexity. Usually three tiers are provided. • Default : • default emission factors provided in guidance (e.g. IPCC)

  8. Drivers:Initiatives driving accounting • Why: GHG accounting: • Global science & evidence: (Global scale only) • Are we really responsible? • Key sources/sinks & trends: • What’s going on, are things getting better or worse • Targets, action & monitoring • what can we change and how?) • Communication: • Successes, difficulties, change behaviour, why the pain (e.g. Taxes). • Reassess potential and targets • Assess impacts • Demonstrate and communicate progress • Assess mitigation potential • Monitor actions • Set targets • Implement actions

  9. Drivers: • International • UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol, • EUMM/MMR: Effort Sharing Decision: • Carbon Disclosure Project • ICLEI • Covenant of Mayors • LA 21 • National UK • UK CCC • Scotland • Scottish NSEA • RPP and the Public Bodies Duties • Sustainability • SCCD and SSN • Single Outcome Agreements (SOA)

  10. Drivers: UNFCCC • Convention : http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6031.php • Limit average global temperature increases. 192 Countries. • National Communications (BRs) (emissions projections, PAMs, Adaptation, capacity building, finance) • Kyoto Protocol: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/6034.php • Reporting and verification procedures; Annual Inventories, KPLULUCF, National Systems (Reliability of the reporting) • Flexible market-based mechanisms (Trading systems) • Targets and Assigned amount (e.g. UK (1990 + 1995) * 5 * (100 – 12.5) target for 2008 – 2012. • A compliance system. (Adjustments and compliance issues affect trading of KP units.) • Industrialized countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions based on the principles of the Convention. 1st CP = 2008 – 2012. • In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012 launched a second commitment period, starting on 1 January 2013 until 2020.

  11. Drivers: EUMM & ESD:International initiatives driving accounting • EUMM/MMR: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/tackling_climate_change/l28044_en.htm • mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions • progress made in reducing emissions • complying with the Community's commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. • Effort Sharing Decision (ESD): http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/effort/index_en.htm • binding annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for the period 2013–2020. • Excludes EUETS (non traded non LULUCF) • 10% on 2005 by 2020 UK: -16%

  12. Drivers: Other International • Carbon Disclosure Project: https://www.cdp.net/en-US/Pages/HomePage.aspx • Companies reporting • Cities (London & Manchester) • Covenant of Mayors & ICLEI: • Aberdeen & Aberdeenshire • Glasgow • Covenant of Mayors: http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html • Mainstream European movement involving local and regional authorities • Voluntary commitment by signatories to meet and exceed the EU 20% CO2 reduction objective through increased energy efficiency and development of renewable energy sources. • ICLEI: http://www.iclei.org/ • UN network of sustainable cities operating worldwide. Facilitates local government input to United Nations (UN), processes such as the UN Framework Conventions on Climate Change, and Biodiversity. • LA21: • UN blueprint for sustainability in the 21st century. • Agenda 21 is a commitment to sustainable development, which was agreed by many of the world's governments. 

  13. Drivers: UK and Scotland

  14. Drivers: UK • UK Carbon budgets: Meet international commitments & develop low carbon economy • 3,018 MtCO2e (2008 to 2012) • 2,782 MtCO2e (2013 to 2017) • 2,544 MtCO2e (2018 to 2022) • 1,950 MtCO2e (2023 to 2027)

  15. Drivers: Scotland • Net Scottish Emissions Account (NSEA): Meet international commitments & develop low carbon economy • Scotland CCD & SSN • All 32 LAs • Commitment to act on mitigation, adaption and sustainable development

  16. What is measured? 6 Greenhouse Gases as CO2 eq (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC and SF6). Direct and indirect • Energy: • Fossil fuels (tonnes, litres, kWh, MJ) • Transport –mileage (converted to fuel use) • Electricity consumption (meter readings or bills (kWh)), • Industrial Process: • Feedstocks (e.g. Fossil fuels) used • Use of products (including fridges, Air Conditioning, foams, medical equipment) • Manufacturing and production. • Agriculture & Forest practices: • Livestock (numbers & type) • Crops and soils (Land area and type) • Harvesting & processing of wood (amount, Land area and type). Changing land use.. • Waste disposal: • Wastewater (volume and Carbon/nitrogen contents) • Landfill (mass, timeframe, anaerobic (CH4), CH4 recovery) • Incineration (fossil carbon mass) • Disposal of products (gas remaining, recovery)

  17. Principals of Global GHG accounting: A simple story.. Gases

  18. Global GHG accounting: A simple story.. GLOBAL

  19. Principals: Global GHG accounting: A simple story.. Major impact globally of increasing need for electricity and heat production.

  20. Global Emissions:

  21. Attributing GHG Accounting: Complexity begins:

  22. Attributing GHG Accounting: Complexity begins: Countries Cities Organisations Projects/Events People • Direct/Source • Physical processes • Embodied/Consumption • Demand for goods and services ?

  23. Carbon footprint 4 2 Countries Cities Organisations Products Projects/Events People ? 3 1 Mr or Mrs Average Services. Energy/Waste Food Travel House & Clothes Other stuff!!

  24. Defining Boundaries: • Define the boundary: • Direct emissions from operations/activities • Electricity, heat, steam and Cooling • Purchased goods and services • Supplied goods use. Countries Cities Organisations Products Projects/Events People

  25. Organisational Operational Boundaries: GHG Protocol • Scope 1 - Direct emissions: • on-site fuel combustion, • manufacturing and process, • refrigerant losses • company vehicles. • Scope 2 - Indirect emissions: • Electricity, • heat or steam purchased. • Scope 3 - Indirect emissions: • employee business travel, • outsourced transportation & services • waste disposal, • water usage and employee commuting. • Products, product use Under the Greenhouse Gas Protocolscope 1 and 2 are essential and there is discretion about which scope 3 emissions should be included.

  26. Methods • National IPCC • Organisational • City PAS 2070 • Product lifecycle: PAS 2050 • Event • Personal Countries Cities Organisations Products Projects/Events People

  27. Organisational: • GHG Protocol & ISO 14064 • DEFRA Company Reporting • Direct emissions from all the activities across the organisation, including buildings’ energy use, industrial processes and company vehicles. (Scope 1) (Usual national Inventory approach) • Electricity use (Scope 2) • Staff commuting, Supplier emissions (Scope 3) • companies in complying with the greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting regulation, a requirement from the Climate Change Act 2008; Mandatory scope 1. • all organisations with voluntary reporting on a range of environmental matters, including voluntary GHG reporting and through the use of key performance indicators (KPIs). • CRC • Electricity & Gas for NON EUETS/CCA elements only

  28. City Footprinting: PAS2070 (City inventories with two approaches) • a direct plus supply chain (DPSC); • direct from within the city boundary and • indirect from • the consumption of grid-supplied electricity, • heating and/or cooling, • transboundary travel • and the supply chains from key goods and services produced outside the city boundary • water supply, • food, • building materials • a consumption-based (CB) methodology: • direct and life cycle GHG emissions for all goods and services consumed by residents of a city.

  29. City Footprinting:

  30. National Methods: IPCC: 1 of 3 • Source of basic default physical EFs used in many other places (see IPCC EFDB) www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/find_ef_main.php • Focussed on direct emissions from a number of categories. • Includes guidance by sector, and for uncertainties • Evolution 1996 ->( 1996 revised & 2000 & 2002 LULUCF valid for UNFCCC reporting to 2014) -> (2006 valid for UNFCCC reporting from 2015) • Volumes: Sector methods, data collection, uncertainties, QA/QC, method selection. • Tiers: methodological complexity. Usually three tiers are provided • Default data: default emission factors • Key Categories: categories that have a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of greenhouse gases

  31. National Methods: IPCC: 2 of 3 • IPCC (National inventories & standard category based methodologies) Bio-carbon & International shipping & aviation emissions as memo items.. • Guiding principal – TCCCA! • Completeness • Transparency • Accuracy • Consistency • Comparability

  32. National Methods: IPCC: Core Principals: 3 of 3 • Transparency: There is sufficient and clear documentation • Completeness: Estimates are reported for all relevant categories of sources and sinks, and gases • Consistency: Estimates across different inventory years, gases and categories are made in such a way that differences in the results between years and categories reflect real differences in emissions • Comparability: The greenhouse gas inventory is reported in a way that allows it to be compared with greenhouse gas inventories for similar entities (national, city, organisational). • Accuracy: The greenhouse gas inventory contains neither over- nor under-estimates (bias) so far as can be judged.

  33. Sources example 1

  34. Sources example 2

  35. Sources example 3: Iron and Steel

  36. Sources example 4: Waste

  37. Quiz 1 • What are “basket of six” greenhouse gases? 2. What is the UK target as part of the EU Effort Sharing Decision to reduce non-EU ETS emissions by 20% (2005-2020)? a) 4% increase b) 12% reduction c) 16% reduction d) 24% reduction 3. What is included in the CRC? a) Electricity consumption for non-CCA elements only b) Fossil fuel consumption for Non-EUETS elements only c) Electricity and gas for Non-EUETS/CCA elements only 4. What of the following elements are included in an Embodied Carbon Footprint? a) Imported emissions b) Domestic emissions (net of exports) c) Domestic emissions (exports) 5. What are the five core principles of emissions inventory methodology? (T, C, C, C, A)

  38. Quiz 1 • What are “basket of six” greenhouse gases? CO2, N2O, CH4, SF6, HFCs, PFCs 2. What is the UK target as part of the EU Effort Sharing Decision to reduce non-EU ETS emissions by 20% (2005-2020)? a) 4% increase b) 12% reduction c) 16% reduction d) 24% reduction 3. What is included in the CRC? a) Electricity consumption for non-CCA elements only b) Fossil fuel consumption for Non-EUETS elements only c) Electricity and gas for Non-EUETS/CCA elements only 4. What of the following elements are included in an Embodied Carbon Footprint? a) Imported emissions b) Domestic emissions (net of exports) c) Domestic emissions (exports) 5. What are the five core principles of emissions inventory methodology? (T, C, C, C, A) Transparency, Completeness, Consistency, Comparability, Accuracy

  39. Coffee 11:00 – 11:15

  40. UK/Scottish greenhouse gas inventories – DEFRA/DECC, the Net Scottish Emissions Account: 11:15- 12:30 (1h:15 min) • Devolved Administration inventories • NSEA + EUETS • End User • DECC LACO2/GHGs • Scottish Footprint

  41. Attributing GHG Accounting: Types used in the UK and Scotland • National territory • Scope 1 direct within territory • Environmental Accounts • Scope 1 direct citizens and national activities outside and within territory. • End-user • Scope 1 direct within territory + Scope 2 embodied GHGs in energy supplied. • Embodied (Footprint) • Scope 3 Embodied GHG in purchased goods and services. • Excludes GHGs from manufacture of exported goods.

  42. Devolved Administration Emissions Scotland • UK GHG Inventory (as reported to EU and UN) •  split up to • England • Wales • Scotland • Northern Ireland • Unallocated (Off-shore industry) • Using: • Sub-national statistics • Large point source reported data • Employment • Population • Traffic • Agriculture, forestry & land use statistics

  43. Scotland Total by Gas & Uncertainties

  44. Scotland: Key sectors and Gases

  45. Scotland: Traded and non Traded: • Traded: EUETS (CO2) • Energy • Business • Industrial Processes • Non Traded

  46. Net Scottish Emissions Account • Target and target monitoring • Includes • International Shipping & Aviation (Scotland share) • Emissions/removals (e.g. "carbon sinks" such as woodland) from Landuse Change and Forestry • EUETS sale and purchase of relevant carbon units (tradable emissions allowances). Scope 3 (incl Aviation) • http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0042/00426339.pdf

  47. Scotland: Net Scottish Environmental Account:

  48. Scotland Territorial: Targets and relevant legislation

  49. DA Emissions http://public.tableausoftware.com/views/DAInfographic/DAInfographic

  50. End User Estimates • Provide insights to final consumption impacts for: • Solid, Liquid and Gaseous fuels • Electricity

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