Juicing and Cancer

1. Juicing and Cancer Chelsey Bauer

2. What is Juicing? • Extracting juice from fresh fruits and vegetables • Use of a juicing machine

3. Benefits • Low in Fat • Allows for an easier way to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables • High in antioxidants and vitamins • If organic foods are used, low in GMO foods • Less digestion required/Increased bioavailability in body • Raw fruits and vegetables have increased levels of nutrients

4. Juicing in the public • Dr. Oz has recently promoted juicing for detoxification diets and power drinks • Websites like www.webMD.com and www.mayoclinic.com

5. Objectives • Fruits and vegetables have chemopreventative effects • Vitamin supplements can be toxic and cause reverse cancerous effects • Americans are not eating enough fruits and vegetables • Juicing is a possible solution for cancer protection/prevention

6. Terms to know: • Antioxidant: molecule inhibits oxidation of other molecules (cancer cells are oxidizing agents) • Polyphenols: type of antioxidant containing phenolic structure • Proliferation: to grow or multiply rapidly • Apoptosis: disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding

7. Blueberry phytochemical study • Designed to test the chemopreventative activity of blueberry juice on breast cancer cells • In vitro and in vivo studies • Materials • Whole fresh blueberries juiced • Cancer cells obtained by the American Type Culture Collection • 16 mice for in vivo studies: 8 control 8 blueberry juice treated

8. In Vitro • In vitro studies initially done to show the effects researchers believed polyphenols had • Methods: • Whole blueberry juice, and 3 fractions of blueberry juice examined for their % polyphenols. • Then all were tested for their effect on 3 types of cancer cell lines and 1 non cancer cell line. • Results: • Although Ethyl Acetate fraction of blueberry juice had highest phenolic percentages, the whole blueberry juice tested for highest effect on cancer cell lines and highest effect on most aggressive cell line MDA-MB-231 with no effect on the non cancer cell line. • Blueberry juice caused decreased proliferation in cancer cell lines • Blueberry juice caused increases apoptosis

9. In vivo • Methods: • 8 mice tube fed 100uL water and 8 fed 100uL blueberry juice for 1 week • Injected with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells • Continued water or blueberry treatment for 6 more weeks • Results • Significantly smaller tumor weights in mice treated with blueberry • Consistent with in vitro studies: proliferation of tumor specimens was decreased in blueberry treated mice and aptosis increased.

10. Discussion • Similar results to a cranberry study which also showed fractions of berry had less antiproliferative effect on cancer cells than whole berry juice in vitro • In rats tumor size was decreased by a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. • Similar to study done by Aiyer that showed tumor size in rats decreased by 40% in rats orally treated with blueberry powder as opposed to rats treated with water.

11. Conclusions • Whole berries are more chemo effective than fractions of a berries alone. • Blueberries could be key component in breast cancer prevention strategies due to their proven effects on tumor control. • Doses of blueberries used in rats were equal to 122 grams or 4.3 ounces of fresh blueberries per day. • A single serving size of blueberries is 6 ounces.

12. We have determined fruits can have a protective effect against cancer cells. • What else can vegetables do for us?

13. Terms to know • Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes • Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate that induces Phase 2 Detoxification enzymes

14. Broccoli Sprout Study • Background and previous findings: • After a series of laboratory studies, researchers found that broccoli is rich in phytochemicals that induce phase 2 detoxication enzymes and increase antioxidant activities in mammalian cells. • Sulforaphane, which is an isothiocyanate found in vegetables. • Found vegetables as inert precursors termed glucosinolates. • Isothiocyanates are released when glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by myrosinase, an enzyme that coexists with glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables and activates in our intestinal microflora. • Dithiocarbamates in urine indicate isothiocyanates were absorbed and metabolized.

15. Purpose: • This study is designed to test the bioavailability of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in humans to determine whether cruciferous vegetables are a good source of isothiocyanates to therefore have potential protective cancerous effects.

16. Methods • Used healthy non smoking individuals • Measure urine for dithiocarbamates • 2 groups: inpatients and out patients • Inpatients diet: • A diet free of glucosinolates or isothiocyanates was given • Urine samples taken every 4 and 8 hours • Only allowed to eat or drink what was provided • 7hour fasting period every night from 12 am-7 am when they were administered broccoli sprouts. • Outpatient diet: • Asked to abstain from eating foods with glucosinolates or isothiocyanates and keep a food diary. • Consumed broccoli sprouts at same time after fasting period.

17. Methods Cont. • Homogenate broccoli sprouts created. • boiled to rid sprouts of myrosinaseand phytochemicals and dosed with either glucosinolates or isothiocyanates. • 111umol glucosinolates or isothiocyantes • Crossed treatment after 3 days • After 9 days daikon homogenate (myrosinase) • Check urine for dithiocarbamates.

18. Results:

19. Results Cont • Urine dithiocarbamate levels spiked and were at peak after 4 hours of consumption of broccoli sprouts. • Myrosinaseis a key component in vegetables that allows glucosinolates to be converted to isothiocyanates and increase bioavailability. • Whole fresh vegetable consumption is best for diet.

20. Fruit and Vegetable Conclusions • Suggested to eat both often for the benefits. • Juicing a way to help consume both • Many people would rather have an easier option so, “why not just take a supplement?”

21. CARET study Evidence from observational studies has shown that people eating more fruits and vegetables that are rich in B-carotene (antioxidant and can be converted to vitamin A) and Retinol (an chemical form of Vitamin A) had lower rates of lung cancer Created supplements of each to test in humans

22. Methods • Double-blind placebo-controlled • Tested in humans at high risk for developing lung cancer • Non-placebo subjects received 30 mg B-carotene and 25,000 IU retinylpalmitate (Vitamin A) daily.

23. Results • Study stopped 21 months early • 28% more lung cancer incidents and 17% more deaths in B-carotene and Retinol treated group • Agreed with ATBC study which found 16% more cases of lung cancer in subjects receiving B-carotene supplements

24. Results of Lung Cancer Incidence

25. Conclusions • The supplements administered had toxic and reverse chemopreventative effects. • Amounts administered daily were toxic levels. (10,000 IU is the upper limit of Vitamin A) • Supplements were also purified agents.

26. Juicing

27. Fruit and Vegetable Intake • Recommended >2 cup fruit and >3 cup vegetables depeding on age and activity • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data provided by the Center for Disease Control

28. Fruit and Vegetable Intake • Based on study Americans need to increase intake • Juicing allows this in an easy way • Dr. Oz drink: • 2 cups spinach1/2 cucumber1/4 head of celery • 1/2 bunch parsley • 1 bunch mint • 3 carrots • 2 apples • 1/4 orange • 1/4 lime • 1/4 lemon • 1/4 pineapple

29. Conclusions • Healthy easy way to increase fruit and vegetable intake • Non toxic levels but still increased amounts (natural form and concentrations) • Prevent cancer • Protect against cancer

30. Further Studies • Juicing and cancer prevention • Whole fruit vs. supplement in same dosage • More in vivo studies

31. References • Adams, L. S., Phung, S., Yee, N., Seeram, N. P., Li, L., & Chen, S. (2010). Blueberry phytochemicals inhibit growth and metastatic potential of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Cancer Research, 70(9), 3594-3605. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3565; 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3565 • consistency/author should come first Blueberry Phytochemicals Inhibit Growth and Metastatic Potential of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells through Modulation . (n.d.). Cancer Research . Retrieved March 15, 2013, from http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/70/9 • Body Detox Diets Myths - Are They Necessary or Safe?. (n.d.). WebMD . Retrieved March 14, 2013, from http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/guide/detox-diets-purging-myths?page=2 • Cancer Statistics Worldwide. (n.d.). World Cancer Research Fund International. Retrieved March 14, 2013, from www.wcrf.org/cancer_statistics/world_cancer_statistics • Cancer Statistics Worldwide. 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32. Questions??