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Semester 2, Day 9

Semester 2, Day 9. Genetic Engineering. Agenda. Review for Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations Quiz Homework should already be turned in! Quiz for Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations Lecture for Genetic Engineering and Cloning Work/Reading Time.

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Semester 2, Day 9

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  1. Semester 2, Day 9 Genetic Engineering

  2. Agenda • Review for Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations Quiz • Homework should already be turned in! • Quiz for Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations • Lecture for Genetic Engineering and Cloning • Work/Reading Time

  3. Review for Quiz • Examples of different types of cells • Define gene expression • Define cell specialization • How are gene expression and cell specialization related? • Describe Day 0: zygote formation • Describe Day 4: Morula formation • # cells • Totipotent or pluripotent? • Describe Day 8: Blastocyst formation • # cells • Totipotent or pluripotent? • Structure?  which parts eventually becomes what? • Define mutation. Define mutagen. • Point mutations: silent and not silent. • Frameshift mutations: insertion and deletion • Which is more destructive: point or frameshift? Why? • Which is more dangerous: a mutation in a sex cell or in a heart cell? Why?

  4. Quiz • Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations • Reminders: • Silent during quiz • Eyes on your own paper • When finished, flip it over

  5. Glowing Rats

  6. Genetic Engineering • Genetic Engineering: technology that changes the genetic material of an organism. • Transgenic Organism: A gene from Organism B is inserted into Organism A’s DNA (Organism A is the transgenic organism)

  7. Genetic Engineering • Transgenic Organisms: Plant Example • A bacterium: Agrobacteriumtumefaciens Zoom T-DNA: “transfer DNA” 1 Bacterial Chromosome Ti-Plasmid T-DNA Bacterium 2 3 Transformed Plant Cell Plant Cell Bacterium inserts its T-DNA into plant cell T-DNA integrates into plant cell’s DNA

  8. Genetic Engineering • Genetic Engineering in Nature Plant express T-DNA  produces gall cells that make amino acids that bacterium uses as food Image Source: www.mun.ca

  9. Genetic Engineering • Genetic Engineering in the Lab Image Source: www.mun.ca

  10. Genetic Engineering • Inserting foreign genes into an organism’s DNA has had medical benefits and is just super cool! • Rice w/ Vitamin A • Apples w/ vaccination for pneumonia • Mice w/ GFP (green fluorescent protein)  Glowing! • Goats w/ spider web milk • Eggs w/ cancer-fighting proteins • Banana w/ vaccination for hepatitis B • Goats w/ vaccination for malaria

  11. Genetic Engineering • All cells in an organism should have the exact same DNA as the very first cell (transgenic zygote)  Mitosis • Therefore, to create a transgenic organism, the foreign DNA must be inserted into the fertilized egg (zygote) Transgenic Zygote Foreign DNA This cell divides until it makes a whole organism Zygote Image Source: www.bbc.co.uk

  12. Genetic Engineering • Cloning: making an organism that is genetically identical to another. Image Source: www.accessexcellence.org

  13. Reading/Work Time • Chapter 13 Cornell Notes • Questions: • 13.1 #1-5 • 13.2 #1-5 • 13.3 #1-5 • Chapter 13 Assessment #1-15, 17-21

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