New Churches of the Reformation

1. New Churches of the Reformation Lutheran Presbyterian Anglican Puritan

2. The Printing Press The printing press was a key to the spread of humanist ideas throughout Europe. Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press using a moveable metal type. This made it possible to print many copies of the same book quickly. More books allowed more people to read. This allowed ideas to spread quickly. The first book printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.

4. Lutheranism Luther’s ideas led to a new denomination, or organized branch of Christianity. It was known as Lutheranism and it was the first Protestant denomination. Three ideas of Lutheranism: 1. Faith in Jesus brings salvation 2. Bible is the final source of truth about God 3. Church was made up of all believers

6. Who was John Calvin? He was born in France and went to Paris to study theology, or the study of questions about God. Calvin began to hear about Luther’s ideas. Calvin became interested and left Paris since it was dangerous to discuss Lutheranism there. Calvin found safety in Geneva, Switzerland and convinced many people to follow along.

7. Calvinism Calvin agreed with Luther that faith was more important than good works, but he added other ideas. Calvin believed that God’s will is absolute and that God decides everything in the world in advance. God has decided who will go to heaven and who will not. This belief is called predestination, meaning that no matter what people do, the outcome of their life is already planned.

9. Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church set out to defeat Protestantism and convince people to return to the Church. This effort came to be called the Counter-Reformation. The Catholic Church knew that it needed to reform itself. Pope Paul III set up the Council of Trent to make Catholic beliefs more clear. Also, the council set up strict rules for how bishops and priests should behave.

10. The English Reformation Since England is an island, ideas often take longer to get there. Surprising, England broke away from the Catholic Church first. Henry VIII starts his own Church in England called the Anglican Church. Henry VIII was stubborn, impatient, and cruel. He married six queens, divorced two, and beheaded two others. He had many bishops and nobles imprisoned if they disagreed with his ideas.

11. Henry wanted to annul, or cancel his marriage to Catherine since he had no sons and she had given birth to only one surviving daughter. The pope refused to annul the marriage, so Henry had the archbishop of Canterbury annul the marriage.

12. This angered the pope and Henry was excommunicated from the Church. Henry then declared that the king, not the pope, was the head of the Church in England. He ordered priests and bishops to accept him and the new head of the Church. If they refused, they were killed. This was the creation of the Anglican Church.

14. Bloody Mary The people of England wanted to remain Catholic. So, they backed Catherine’s daughter Mary as the rightful queen. Queen Mary had been raised Catholic and wanted to make England a Catholic kingdom again. She arrested many Protestants who opposed her and she burned 300 people and the stake. For this, she was given the name “Bloody Mary.”

16. The Puritans A new fight began between the people of the Anglican Church and the Protestants. Some wanted the Anglican Church to give up its Catholic way of doing things. These reformers became known as the Puritans since they wanted to purify the Church. Puritans began to form their own congregations that made their own decisions. They did not report to any bishop and chose their own ministers.

17. Puritans Move to America After Queen Elizabeth dies, later English leaders do not tolerate Puritans. They had many Puritan Churches shut down and threw many Puritan leaders in jail. Many Puritans move to America so they could practice their religion freely. There they founded colonies which became the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.