Do Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter clockwise?

1. Do Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter clockwise?

2. Do Now

3. What your brain just did…

4. What is the structure of the brain? Brain Over 100 Billion Cells • Comprised of three major parts • Lower Brain • Mid Brain • Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex • (upper brain) Each part works with others to control what think feel and do.

5. What does the brain look like? • Tightly compressed macaroni • Studying uses more energy than jogging • Uses 20% of your oxygen • Is protected in multiple ways.

6. Broad, thick band running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. Connections between left and right sides of brain. Highway of information – it is the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the I-84 of your brain! Corpus Callosum

7. Upper Brain Mid Brain Lower Brain Brain Stem

8. What is the Upper Brain? • Cerebral Cortex: outermost layer of brain covers the cerebrum – gray matter. • Higher level thought • 100 Billion nerve cells • It is the most highly developed part of the human brain and is responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. • It is also the most recent structure in the history of brain evolution

9. Why is the cerebral cortex so important? • Personality: makes us “human” • “Seat of the soul” • Example: when faced with severe brain injury to frontal lobe– personality sometimes changes completely • Strokes, tumors – sometimes causes this

10. What does the mid brain do? Possible connection?

11. What does the lower brain do?

12. Hemispheres • Brain divided into two sides • Fissure: groove along center • Right: controls left • Left: controls right

13. Right Brain or Left Brain?

15. Do Now: • You have inherited 1,000,000 dollars! Congratulations! You are moving to new house you are having made and have to pack your things in boxes. • How will you pack your priceless glassware that Aunt Edna left you in her will to make sure they don’t break? If any of them break, the money has to be given to a distant cousin. Describe in a few sentences how you will pack the glasses?

16. Where does the brain sit?

17. How is the brain protected? • Protected by the thick bones of the skull • Cerebral Cortex covering • Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid • Isolated from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the brain. • The delicate nature of the human brain makes it susceptible to many types of damage and disease. • Infection of the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but is very serious when it occurs. • Multiple Sclerosis-mylen, insulation for nerves, is impaired. • Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Chorea = CNS diseases

18. Phineas Gage: Neuroscience’s Most Famous Patient

19. Summary There are three parts to the brain on a horizontal level • Upper Brain: higher level thinking • Mid Brain: (Limbic System)vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation • Lower Brain: primitive functions, aggression, fight or flight • Brain Stem: autonomic functions • Two hemispheres – right hemisphere controls left, left hemisphere controls right • Brain Dominance Theory: Right brain dominant – art, language, creative. Left brain – logical, math, organized

20. What is a stroke? • A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke. The more common kind, called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. The other kind, called hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain. "Mini-strokes" or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), occur when the blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted. Symptoms of stroke are • Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body) • Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech • Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes • Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination • Sudden severe headache with no known cause • If you have any of these symptoms, you must get to a hospital quickly to begin treatment. Acute stroke therapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening by quickly dissolving the blood clot or by stopping the bleeding. Post-stroke rehabilitation helps individuals overcome disabilities that result from stroke damage. Drug therapy with blood thinners is the most common treatment for stroke. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

21. Do Now: Make a happy face Make an angry face Make a sad face Make a fearful face How do you know how to do that? Face Blindness Test

22. Cerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter) Fissure: groove along middle of brain Parietal Lobe: sensory strip Motor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing Prefrontal Lobe: :personal memories Occipital Lobe: interprets visual information Frontal Lobe::reasoning, personality, Thought, complex thoughts Cerebellum: balance, coordination Reticular Activating System: alertness

23. Cerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter) Fissure: groove along middle of brain Parietal Lobe: sensory strip Motor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing Prefrontal Lobe: :personal memories Occipital Lobe: interprets visual information Frontal Lobe::reasoning, personality, Thought, complex thoughts Cerebellum: balance, coordination Reticular Activating System: alertness

24. Do Now: This is a G rated activity– touch the area where your corpus callosum (under the fissure) is Now touch your frontal lobe. Now your Parietal lobe Now your Temporal lobe Now your Occipital lobe Now your Cerebellum Now your Medulla Oblongata

25. Reading: Disorders of the Brain • Attention Deficit Disorder • TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury • Alzheimer’s Disease • Dementia with Lewey Bodies: • Although, where Alzheimer’s disease usually begins quite gradually, DLB often has a rapid or acute onset, with especially rapid decline in the first few months. • While the specific symptoms in a person with DLB will vary, core features of DLB are: 1) fluctuating cognition with great variations in attention and alertness from day to day and hour to hour 2) recurrent visual hallucinations. 3.)REM Behavior Disorder

26. Do Now: Draw a Clock

27. Mini-cog During the mini-cog, a person is asked to complete two tasks: • Remember and a few minutes later repeat the names of three common objects • Draw a face of a clock showing all 12 numbers in the right places and a time specified by the examiner • The results of this brief test can help a physician determine if further evaluation is needed.

28. Mini-mental state exam (MMSE)During the MMSE, a health professional asks a patient a series of questions designed to test a range of everyday mental skills. Examples of questions include: • Remember and repeat a few minutes later the names of three common objects (for instance, horse, flower, penny) • State the year, season, day of the week and date • Count backward from 100 by 7s or spell "world" backwards • Name two familiar objects in the office as the examiner points to them • Identify the location of the examiner's office (state, city, street address, floor) • Repeat a common phrase or saying after the examiner • Copy a picture of two interlocking shapes • Follow a three-part instruction, such as: take a piece of paper in your right hand, fold it in half, and place it on the floor

29. Researchers found that healthy test subjects were able to list 20 to 25 words in each test, but patients with Alzheimer's could remember only 10 to 15 words. • The Alzheimer's patients were unable to remember words learned later in life but could remember words learned in early childhood. This pattern was so consistent that researchers were able to determine which subjects had Alzheimer's based on this word loss.

30. What are some other parts of their brain and their purpose? Brain stem: internal physical state of body Medulla Oblongata: breathing, heartbeat Pons: regulates brain during sleep Thalamus: relay station between senses and cerebral cortex Cerebellum: balance and movement Limbic system: emotions, memory Hippocampus: long term memory Amygdala: aggression, emotion, motives, (very active during adolescence) Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, body temperature

31. Exit Quiz

32. Do Now • What is the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the Interstate 84 of your brain called? • What does it mean if a neurologist asks you to “Draw a Clock”? • What rare and controversial procedure is sometimes done to patients with severe seizure disorders?

33. List as many fruits as you can! • Get ready, get set GO! • Subjects were asked to list as many types of fruit they could think of in a second timed test. • In 2005, a study was reported in "Neuropsychologia" in which researchers tested 96 people diagnosed with Alzheimer's and compared the results to 40 healthy people.

34. Joe’s Brain: Split Brain Surgery Split Brain Game

35. What are Neurons? Myelinated neurons are found in the peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons), while non-myelinated neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord.

36. This neuron travels from your brain to your body? • This neuron travels from your body to your brain? • These neurons help neurons connect to each other to get to their source? • What is the insulation covering your peripheral nerves called? • What disease is caused by an autoimmune reaction which causes a deterioration of this insulation? Do Now

37. Focus Sensory Neurons: Travel from body to brain Motor Neurons: Travel from brain to body Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons Receptors; Put information into electrical/chemical messages to be transmitted by sensory neurons

38. The Role of Neurons in your Brain I travel from body to brain I travel from brain to body Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Receptors Receptors What he said…. We put information into electrochemical messages transmitted by sensory neurons Inter Neuron I connect sensory and motor neurons

39. Synapses, neurotransmitters, neurons…oh my!

40. The Amazing Synapse! Neurons have specialized projections called dendrites and axons. Asynapse is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise).

41. What are Neurotransmitters made up of? Motor Functions Too much – Schizophrenia (theory) Too little – Parkinson's and other movement diseases Dopamine Attention and R.E.M. Sleep Inducer (RAS) Too little: Myasthenia Gravis (muscle weakness) Alzheimer’s Link Acetylcholine Relieve pain, increase wellbeing Natural form of morphine (woo hoo!) Endorphin chemical that helps maintain a "happy feeling," helps with sleep, anxiety, depression Serotonin amino acid that helps induce relaxation and sleep builds muscle tone. It balances the brain by inhibiting over-excitation GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid

42. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/madneuron.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/madneuron.html

43. Reticular Activating System • Keeps us alert or puts us to sleep – alcohol mimics reticular system neurons The reason that most drunk driving accidents are due to drivers falling asleep at the wheel

44. Reuptake • The main objective of a Reuptake Inhibitor is to substantially decrease the rate by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed, leaving a large gain in the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse. • Example: Antidepressant drugs often use ssri’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) to cause a GAIN in amount of serotonin in brain.

45. Serotonin Overdose

46. What did we learn? • Why do people have split brain surgery? • What is Myelin: • Where to Motor Neurons travel?: • Where do Sensory Neurons Travel • What do Interneurons do? • What do Receptors do? • receive neurotransmitters • What are Neurotransmitters? • electrical/chemical messages passed along by neurons • What is Serotonin? • What is Dopamine known for? • What is Synesthesia? How did it effect Daniel Tammet?

47. Exit Quiz

48. Do Now “Born on a Blue Day” Take out your notebook and write down these questions: What is Daniel Tammet’s ability? What is synesthesia? What other neurological disorder does Daniel have and how does it limit his life? How does it enrich his life? Who did he meet….?

49. Exit Quiz

50. DO NOW: Reading: What are reflexes? • Read article • Answer questions for “reading” …you will answer the “listening” questions at the end of class and hand in.