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LIABILITIES. The Nature of Liabilities. A. Definitions of Liabilities
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The Nature of Liabilities A. Definitions of Liabilities Liabilities are probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as result of past transactions or events.
B. Characteristics of a Liability 1) It is apresent obligation that entailssettlement by probable future transfer or the use of cash, goods, or services 2) It is an unavoidable obligation 3) The transaction or event creating the obligation has already occurred
1) Current liablities Current liabilities are obligations which liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of existing resources properly classifiedas current assets, or the creation of other current liabilities or due to within shot time usually within one year. 2) Long Term Debt Long term debt are liabilities that are due to over one years. C. The Types of Liabilities
CURRENT LIABILITIES Transactions caused by current liablities are: Receiving goods or services prior to make payment Receiving paymentprior to deliver goods or services The examples of current liablities are:
ACCOUNTING FOR CURRENT LIABILITIES 1. Account payable/trade account payable Liablities emerge from merchandise purchasing for resale or The amount owed to others for goods, supplies, or services purchased on open account. Ex: Assume that on July, 10, 2008 Boys Company purchased merchandise from Trade Company Rp. 10.000.000, term 2/10,n/30, FOB Destination Transactons above record as follows;
Unearned rent Liabilities emerge fromthe receipt of rent in advance • Taxes payable The amount of taxes owed to governmental units • Interest payable The amount of interest owed on borrowed funds • Wages payable The amount owed to employees
ACCOUNTING FOR CURRENT LIABILITIES 1. Account payable/trade account payable • Liablities emerge from purcahes of merchandise for resale • The amount owed to others for goods, supplies, or services purchased on open account. • Example : Assume that on July, 10, 2008 Boys Company purchase merchandise from Trade Company Rp. 10.000.000, term 2/10,n/30, FOB Destination • The entry to record is:
Unearned revenue • - Liabilities arising from the receipt of cash in advance • - Accounting treatment for unearned revenue are follows: • When the advance is received , Cash is debited, and current liability account identifying the source of unearne reenue credited • When the revenue is earned, the unearned revenue account is debited, an earned revenue account is credited - Example : Assume that on August, 10, 2008 Permata Airlines, Co sells 100 tickets at Rp. 500.000 each for flying at Oct, 25, 2008 - The entry for record the sales of tickets is:
The entry to record services which completed to customers 3. Taxes Payable • The amount of taxes owed to governmental units • The tax is expressed as stated percentage of the sales price • Example : • Assume that on August, 10, 2008 Regent Mart, sell merchandise Rp. 28.000.000 an sales taxes 10%. • The entry for record the sales of merchandise is:
4. Notes Payable • Notes payable is obligation in the form of written promissory notes • It is often used instead of account payable • Example : • Well Mart, Co agrees to borrow Rp. 100.000.000 from BCA Bank. On Oct, 1, 2008, Well Mart , Co sign a Rp. 100.000.000, 12%, 4-month notes. • The entry for record the transaction is:
5. Interest payable • The amount of interest owed on borrowed funds • Example: • If Well Mart, Co must prepare financial statement Des, 31, 2008, this company should recognize interest expense that is not due to. • The adjusment entry for recording the interest expense is: Note : calculation accrued interest Rp. 100.000.000 x 3/14 x 12% = Rp. 3.000.000
6. Current maturities of long-term debt • It is long term debt due within one year • It is not necessary to prepare an adjuting entries to recognize the current maturities of long term debt, but directly presented at balance sheets as current liablities. 7. Dividends payable • It is amount owed by company to it stockholders as a result of board director’s authorization. • It happens at the date of declaration of dividens. • Example: • On January, 25, Well Mart, Co declare to give dividen for stockholders Rp. 450.000.000 with will bepaid at Feb, 20, 2008.
8. Customer advances and deposits They are deposits received from customer to guarantee performance of contrac or service or as guarantees to cover payment of expected future obligation. For example, Aqua company may receive deposits from distributors as guarantees for possible damage to company’s property – the water containers
9. Income taxes payable The company’s income taxes determine on based incomes they earned during one period and usually paid three months latter from the end period. For example, at Dec, 31, Astira,Co income taxes is not yet paid Rp. 665.000.000. The adjusment entry for record the interest expense is
10. Wages Payable • At the date of financial reporting, the company sometimes is not paid salary or wages of their employees. Instead they have been performed services for company. • The company should recognized the expenses of wages or salary that is not paid • The adjusment entry for recording the interest expense is:
THE PAYABLERECORDING SYSTEM • In the business that has several thousand creditors or costumersthat needinformation about the balance amount payable to each creditor or amount owed to individual costumer. • To track individual balances, the company uses a subsidiary ledger. • A subsidiary ledger is a group of account shared common characteristic (for example all costumers) • Two common subsidiary ledgers are: • The account receivable (or costumers’) ledger which accumulates transaction data with individual costumer. • The account payable (or creditors’) ledger which accumulates transaction data with individual costumer.
Account Receivable Account Payable Owner’s Capital Cash Customer A Customer B Customer C Creditor X Creditor X Creditor X • The general ledger account that • summarizes subsidiary ledger data is • called a control account. • Each general ledger control account • balance must equal the composite balance of the individual accounts in the related subsidiary • ledger the end of an accounting period. • Relationship of general ledger and subsidiary accounts General Ledger Subsidiary Ledgers
The subsidiary ledger is separate from the general ledger Accounts payable is a control account Relationship Beetwen Ledger Accounts Payable Subsidiary Ledger
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES • Contingent liabilities is a potential liabliy that may become an actual liablity in the future • Guidelines to report contingent liabilities • If the contingency is probable – if it is likely to occur- and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the liability should be recorded to the account • If the contingency is reasonablyprobable – if it is could happen-then it need be disclosed only in the notes accompanying the financial statements • If the contingency is remote – if it is unlikely to occur – it need not be recorded or disclosed
Recording a Contingent Liability • The example of contingent liablities is product • warranties . • The accounting for warranty cost is based on • the matching principle whichever the estimated cost of honoring product warranty contracs should be recognizea as an expense • Assume that The Plasa Electronic, Co sells 100 washing machines at Rp. 1.500.000 for each during 2008. The selling price includes one-year warranty on parts. It is expected that 5 unit of product sold (5%) will be defective and the average warranty repair cost will be Rp. 150.000 per unit. In the period of sales, warranty contracs are honored on 3 unit with total cost Rp. 450.000. • Computation estimates warranty liablitty as follows: • Number of unit sold 100 • Estimated rate of defective units 5% • Total estimated defectve units 5 • Average warranty reapir cost Rp. 150.000 • Estimated prodct warranty liability Rp. 750.000
The adjusment entry for recording accrues warranty cost is: • The entry for recording repair cost occurs during the year ( 3 units are repair) is:
LONG TERM LIABILITY • Long-term debt consists of probable future sacrifies of economic benefits emerge from present obligations that are not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer. • Long term liabilities commonly include: • 1. Bonds payable • Bonds are a written promisses to pay specified sums of money at specified times • Bonds represent a promise to pay: • A sum of money at designed maturity date, plus • Periodic interest at a specified rate on maturity amount • The parties who interested in bondings are: • 1. Bondholders (creditors/lenders) • 2. Bonds issuer (debitors/borrower)
2. Mortages payable It is a loan or note that has specific assets of the company (land and buildings, for example) pledged as security for repayment 3. Pension liability It is obligation to employees under a pension plan, obligation for employees compensation in the form of pensions to be paid in the future 4. Long-term notes payable Long-term notes payable is obligation in the form of written promissory notes that are not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer. 5. Long term-lease obligation Long term-lease obligation is obligation emerges from lease property, plant or equipment that are not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer. 6. Deffered income tax liablities It is obligation emerging from different calculation of income tax, caused diferrenciation of accounting treatment between tax law with generally accepted accounting standar. That is not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer.
