1. How to determine diagonal and off-diagonal elements of Sy for the different instruments? (Radar, MWR, Lidar) • Diagonal elements can be determined from spectral width, SNR and number of samples for reflectivity • Need to look at Power • Need to look at pointing (doppler contamination) • Need to look at polarization impacts, antenna cross pol, system cross pol and dome impacts • Off diagonal with ZDR/Z.. • Correlated error between upstream and downstream gates..

2. How can we better describe the uncertainties of the the forward model parameters included in Sb? Need to take a detailed look at forward models for the different instruments. • Use physical models for forward models. • Use Monte-Carlo/Ensemble approach on assumed parameterizations (eg DSD formulation, Mass/dimension etc) constrained by physical observations of natural variation. • This also gives us an idea of sensitivity • Use conditional retrievals • Use fine scale modeling to constrain some parameters or to understand validity (egadiabaticity.

3. Sε does NOT include systematic errors! How do we check for systematic errors in the different instruments? Consistent bias correction procedures? • Work closely with mentors/technical staff/calibration group • MANY issues, need consistent calibration techniques • Multiple wavelengths • Again, can be scene based (wet radome, sat)