THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE

1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE

2. MODERNISM In the early 20° centurymany Victorian doubts and fearsabout society and man’splace in the universewereconfirmed and manyoptimistichopesweredisappointed. Science and industrynot produce a better world Europeanselfconfidencedestroyed U.S.A. and Russia replaced France and Britain Economicdepression  goverments control state economy  Welfare State Marx The Communist Manifesto  optimisticsecureview of the future The onlysurepoint of references of anyindividualwashimself.

3. Man feels out of palcewithout divine principles and referencepoint. • The onlysurepoint of references of anyindividualwashimself. • Albert Einstein theory of relativity space and time didnotexistas separate • Henri Bergson  rejectedconventionalideas of time • Sigmund Freud  people’sbehaviourdependsverylargely on the unconscious part of theirminds. • Carl Jung  symbolicmeanings

4. FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913) Cours de Linguistique generale  basis of structuralism and semiotics Nothingauthoritativeabout Saussure’ s theory He developed a theory of synchroniclanguage the spoken word (signifier) and object (signified) isarbitrary languagesemioticsystem Meaning  relantionshipbetweensigns  constructedtrhoughdifference, binarypairs

5. THE SIGN • For Saussure signis the basicelement of language • Charles SandersPeirceisolated 3 differenttypes of signs: • The symbolicsign word symbolisesitsreferent • The indexicalsign  signpostpointing in a certaindirection • The iconicsign  itresemblesitsobjectbutlike a picture • The signcontainsbothitssignifyingelement and itsmeaninguìfulcontent. • Signifier sensible part of a verbalsign • Signified  interpretationadded to the signifier • No relantioshipbetweensignifier/signified itisarbitrary

6. Before Saussure  Diachroniclinguistic chartingchangesthrough time. • Saussure inventedsynchroniclinguistic  languagesystembased on signs «A languageis a system of differences with no positive terms»

7. STRUCTURALISM • Structuralism wide range of discoursesthatstudystructures of signification • Map the culturesscientificallythrough a structuralistmethodology • ROLAND BARTHES: - proclaimed the death of the author - isrelativelyunimportant to the processof writing.

8. JACQUES DERRIDA : - usedSaussune’sinsights to developDeconstruction - he focused on the binarypairs. • Meaningisdeveloped by the termdifferance • Subjectivity and presance • Privileging of speech and presencelogocentirsm

9. POSTSTRUCTURALISM • Poststructuralism meaningiscostantelyslipping from onesign to the next • Signifies do not produce signified  endlesschain of signifies

10. LACAN : AppliedSeassure’sideas to psychoanalysis histheoryisnotantology Distinctionbetweenmetaphor and metonimy Function to combine Function to suppress The unoconsciousisstructuredlike a language

11. MICHEL FOCAULT  genealogist He used the termsgenealogy or archeology of knowledge  focused on ruptures Discouse  medium trougwhichpowerisexpressed • THOMAS KUHN  paradigm to describe the foucalidiandiscoverses • EDWARD SAID  analyzeOrientalism

12. JAKOBSON Combination Selection / substitution metaphor metonimy dispiacenent condensation