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NCAR/CU/NOAA Visit to KOPRI Oct 2012

NCAR/CU/NOAA Visit to KOPRI Oct 2012. Air-sea/Ice fluxes Light Winds to Hurricanes Poles to Tropics Momentum, Heat, Moisture, Trace Gases, Aerosol Particles, Radiation, Precipitation Christopher W. Fairall 1 , Jian-Wen Bao 1 , Andrey A. Grachev 1, 2 , Jeff Hare 1, 2

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NCAR/CU/NOAA Visit to KOPRI Oct 2012

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  1. NCAR/CU/NOAA Visit to KOPRIOct 2012 Air-sea/Ice fluxes Light Winds to Hurricanes Poles to Tropics Momentum, Heat, Moisture, Trace Gases, Aerosol Particles, Radiation, Precipitation Christopher W. Fairall 1 , Jian-Wen Bao1, Andrey A. Grachev 1, 2 , Jeff Hare 1, 2 LudovicBariteau 1, 2, Ola Persson 1, 2 D. Helmig, J. Edson, B. Huebert, B. Blomquist, M. Rowe 1 NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory/Physical Science Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA 2 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  2. APPROACH Direct Flux Observations Tech Development, Near-surface, Boundary-Layer Observations Fundamental Physics Navier-Stokes, Turbulent Kinetic Energy budget equations, scalar conservation • Direct data used principally to develop parameterizations, improve the observing system, and ‘verify’ model results Flux Parameterization Similarity scaling, cloud-radiative coupling, deposition velocities Research Numerical Models 1-D Closure, Large Eddy Simulation, Mesoscale, Cloud Resolving, Regional NOAA Models Operational Numerical Weather Prediction Climate Models Ocean FluxObserving System Research Vessels (SAMOS), Ship Opportunity (COADS), Flux Reference Buoys (OceanSites), Satellites (SEAFLUX ) NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  3. Range of Estimates of Evaporation Rates From Three Global Products Comparison of monthly mean latent heat fluxes from NCEP (Kalnay et al. 1996), ERA-40 (Uppala et al. 2005), and Optimal Analysis Flux (Yu and Weller, 2007). NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  4. TECHNOLOGY EXAMPLE: Motion-Corrected Eddy-Covariance Turbulence Measurements from Ships NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  5. Example of Turbulent Flux Instruments NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  6. Ship Motion Corrections NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  7. ‘Planes, Trains, and Automobiles’ - A Diversity of Experimental Approaches NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  8. Surface Turbulent Flux Parameterizations Turbulent Fluxes: Bulk Parameterization Flux= Mean correlation of turbulent variables, <w’x’> MetFlux – Dominated by atmospheric turbulent transfer physics GasFlux – Dominated by oceanic molecular transfer physics; Enhanced by whitecap bubbles Transfer coefficients computed from direct flux measurements NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  9. NOAA COARE AIR SEA TURBULENT FLUX MODEL • 1996 Bulk Meteorological fluxes • Update 2003 (7200 covariance obs*) • Oceanic cool skin • Ocean diurnal warm layer • 2000 CO2 [U. Conn and Columbia U] • 2003 Hurricane Sea Spray • 2004 DMS [U. Hawaii] • 2005 Snow/Ice [US Army CRREL] • 2006 Ozone [U. Colorado] • 2008 PCBs and PCEs [Mich. Tech. U] • 2009 Hurricanes [UNSW Australia] • 2010 79 Trace gases • 2011 COAREG3.1 CO2, DMS, 3He, CO, O3, SF6 PSD cruises Pacific Ocean 1991-2001 *Complete flux data time series publically available under ‘Data Sets’ at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/psd3/wgsf/ NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  10. Synthesis On Turbulent Flux Parameterizations:Combined Observations from ESRL, UConn, UMiami Neutral turbulent transfer coefficients at z=10 m as a function of wind. Symbols are Direct Data (14,450 observations; 90% between 3 and 17 m/s) Dash Lines are Parameterizations *Observations of 3 Research Groups Agree Closely ( with 5%) But Need More High Speed Data *Spread of Parameterizations is Greater Than Spread of Observations *NOAA COARE model is the best fit NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  11. Background On Flux – Transfer Velocity Relationships • The flux, Fx, of trace gases between the atmosphere and ocean: • Xw=concentration in the water, Xa=concentration in air • r subscript reference height/depth zr • s subscript at interface • kx=transfer velocity for X • More general form of k includes water-side and air-side transfer processes expressed as RESISTANCES, R • Gases reactive in water • ‘Chemical enhancement factor β • If enhancement is large, transfer velocity usually called deposition velocity NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  12. NOAA COARE Gas Transfer Algorithm:COARE Turbulent-Molecular Physics and Woolf Bubble Physics Bubbles enhance transfer on ocean side Atmos Resistance Ocean Resistance A is adjustable constant, phi a buoyancy function Woolf bubble xfer velocity B is adjustable constant Wb is whitecap fraction U*afrom COARE3.0 bulk flux algorithm: Windspeed or wave-based u* relationships NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  13. Physical vs Chemical Dependence The chemical parameter, CP, for chemicals having a range in solubility at 20 °C. Dimensionless solubility and Schmidt numbers in air and water are shown for comparison. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  14. Summary Plots of CO2 and DMS Transfer Velocity Observations In COARE3.0 the nonbubble term uses u* total; in COARE3.1 it uses u* viscous. Because DMS is more soluble, the bubble contribution is much lower than CO2 NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  15. Contrast to Stress/Heat Coefficients: Large Uncertainties Remain for Gas Transfer Gas Transfer Sensitivity to: *Solubility *Wave breaking *Bubbles *Tangential vs Pressure (wave) stress *Surfactants *Temperature *Complex chemistry *Biology NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  16. The Future* *Regimes *High winds (U> 15 m/s) *High latitudes *Processes *Wave Effects *Sea Spray and Bubbles *More gas species *Process Observing Systems *Airborne (P-3) wave/interface *Research Vessels and SAMOS *New generation flux buoys *NWP/Climate Model Fluxes *Operational NWP fluxes -SURFA Ratio of heat to momentum transfer coefficients: Equivalent to ratio of energy input to frictional loss. *Fairall, C. & 18 Co-Authors, 2010: Observations to Quantify Air-Sea Fluxes and Their Role in Climate Variability and Predictability in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J., Harrison D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

  17. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Review - Boulder, Colorado

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