All Roads Lead to Rome

1. All Roads Lead to Rome Unit IV

2. Peoples • Latin's migrated into Italy about 800 BC. • The Romans shared the Italian peninsula with Greek colonists. • Etruscans- ruled central Italy, including Rome. • Romans borrowed their alphabet from the Etruscans. • Etruscan Gods merged with Roman deities

3. PEOPLE: The Latins -Rome: “The First Romans” The Etruscans -Northern Italy -Urbanized Rome: Building Programs (the Forum) -Influence on Romans: the arch, alphabet The Greeks -Southern Italy and Sicily -Influence on Romans: art, architecture, literature, ..government, engineering GEOGRAPHY: -Tiber River & Mediterranean Sea -Fertile Soil & Strategic Location Ancient Italy(c. 6th century B.C.)

4. Geography of Rome • Rome began as a small city-state in central Italy. • Geography of Italy made unifying Italy as one nation much easier then Greece • Very fertile growing areas • Central Location in the Mediterranean

5. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) • 509 B.C., Romans rejected Etruscan king (monarchy) and established a republic. • Power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders. • In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens.

6. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) STRUGGLE FOR POWER: CLASS CONFLICT • Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and social status • Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but can’t rule • Tribunes- elected representatives who protect plebeians’ political rights.

7. Roman Government takes Shape • 2 Consuls • (Rulers of Rome) • Senate • (Representative body for patricians) • Tribal Assembly • (Representative body for plebeians)

8. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) A “Balanced” Government • Rome elects two consuls– one to lead army, one to direct government • Senate- chosen from patricians (Roman upper class), make foreign and domestic policy • Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for plebeians (commoners) • Dictators- leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis (appt. by consuls and senate) Typical during times of War

9. Plebeians plea for Equality • Plebeians were the lower class, farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders. • 1st Breakthrough- 12 Tables • 2nd Breakthrough- tribunes- could veto, or block those laws that were harmful to the Plebeians. • Eventually Plebeians were elected to offices of high importance

10. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) THE TWELVE TABLES • 451 B.C., officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets and hung in Forum. • Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of the law • Become the basis for later Roman law

11. Roman Society • Family was the basic unit of Roman society. • Father had absolute rule in the family • Women were expected to follow husbands authority. • Roman women did however have a larger role in society then did Greek women.

12. Education • Girls and boys alike learned to read and write. • By the late Republic, many wealthy Romans were hiring Greeks as private tutors for their children.

13. Religion • Roman Gods resembled those of the Etruscans and Greeks. Like the Greek god Zeus, the Roman god Jupiter ruled over the other gods.

14. God Comparisons Roman Gods • Jupiter • Mars • Juno • Venus • Diana • Saturn • Minerva • Mercury • Pluto • Neptune • Vesta Greek Gods • Zeus • Ares • Hera • Aphrodite • Artemis • Bacchus • Athena • Hermes • Hades • Poseidon • Hestia