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Types of Mining

Types of Mining. What determines the type of mining?. Underground v.s . Surface Mining v.s . Solution Depth of below surface Size of the ore body Shape of the ore body Grade Type of Ore. Shape of Ore Body. versus. What are the types of mining?. Surface Strip Open Pit Underground

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Types of Mining

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  1. Types of Mining

  2. What determines the type of mining? • Underground v.s. Surface Mining v.s. Solution • Depth of below surface • Size of the ore body • Shape of the ore body • Grade • Type of Ore

  3. Shape of Ore Body

  4. versus

  5. What are the types of mining? • Surface • Strip • Open Pit • Underground • Solution

  6. When do you use Surface Mining? • Large tonnage • High rates of production • Overburden (including rock) is thin

  7. Strip Mining of Coal Kansas Geological Survey

  8. Open Pit Mining

  9. Underground Mining

  10. When do we mine underground? • The ore deposit is deep • Ore body is steep • Grade is high enough to cover costs

  11. Some types of underground mining • Room and Pillar • Cut and Fill • Long wall (coal) • Shrinkage Stoping • Block Caving

  12. Beneficiation Means of separation of ore mineral from waste material (or gangue minerals) Also known as Liberation

  13. What does it entail? • Crushing and Grinding • Ball mill or rod mill • Separation • Density (e.g. diamonds with a jig) • Magnetic properties • Electric properties • Surface properties

  14. Potential Environmental Problems • A. Mining operation itself • Disposal of a large amount of rock and waste • Noise • Dust • Beneficiation • Smelting and refining

  15. Subsidence in rancher’s field

  16. Subsidence from Pb-Zn mining

  17. From Underground • Acid Mine Drainage • FeS minerals in coal • Sulphide deposits • Acidic streams can pick up heavy elements and transport them

  18. Rock that has acid forming material

  19. Drainage

  20. Acid and open pits Berkley Pit

  21. Other problems with open pits • Very large holes • Pit slopes steep and not stable. Cannot be maintained • May fill with water • Strip coal mines –loss of top soil in past • Now smoothed out and top soil added

  22. Disposal of Waste Rock • More problematic for open pit than underground • Waste rock piles have steep angle of repose and thus may not be stable

  23. Tailings ponds • From concentrating usually have high pH • At Bingham acid waters mixed with tailings water to neutralize • Different metals have different problems

  24. Problems with Smelting/Roasting • Air: SO2 and CO2 and particulate matter • Noranda Quebec used to have the highest single point source of SO2 in the world. It may have been surpassed. • CN (Au); NaOH and F (Al); solvents (electrotwinning); heavy metals; oil and grease

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