4/7

1. 4/7 • Turn in OLC Plant Adapations Sheet • Pick up both papers from the back. Get out your warm up sheets. • If you missed the Quiz come see me now! • Plant Test on Wednesday!!!!

2. Warm-Up • Define Ecology • What are adaptations? (Hint- Think Darwin) • What determines an organism’s adaptations?

4. Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between different organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings

5. A. Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem B. Abiotic—non-living factors that influence an ecosystem ex: temperature, humidity, wind, soil, sunlight

6. Autotrophs A. Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth Also called producers C. Use light or chemical energy to make food 1. Plants -- land 2. Plant-like protists (algae) – upper layers of ocean 3. Photosynthetic bacteria – tidal flats and salt marshes

7. D. Photosynthesis—use light energyto convert carbon dioxideand water into oxygen and carbohydrates (Remember: CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6) E. Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use inorganic chemical compounds to produce carbohydrates ex: sulfur in tidal flats Light Energy

8. Heterotrophs Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply B. Also called consumers

9. Herbivores—obtain energy by eating only plants Carnivores—eat onlyanimals

10. Omnivores—eat both plants and animals Decomposers—breaks down dead organic matter ex: bacteria, protists and fungi

11. Detritivore – eats dead plant and animal material (detritus) Piscivore– carnivore that eats only fish Frugivore – herbivore or omnivore that eats mainly fruit Insectivore – carnivore that eats mainly insects

12. Plant Quiz correction: If you wrote “shallow roots” for 19 A or 22B Please bring it up to me NOW! Ecology4/8 • Get out Ecology Notes, Career Critter sheet, and warm up • Make-up OLC activity: today in Enrichmentand after school • Plant Test tomorrow!!! • Tutorials in enrichment and after school today, tomorrow before school • Extra credit article dueTuesday 4/15

13. Warm up • What type of cell transport is involved when the flow goes from low to high concentration? • What feature do ferns have that make them different from bryophytes?

14. Feeding Interactions A. Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs(consumers)

15. Food Chain—series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten • Arrows go in the direction of how energy is transferred • Start with producer and end with top consumer • or carnivore Ex: grasscricketfrograccoon

16. Hawks Weasels Raccoons Mice Grass C. Food Web—network of food chains within an ecosystem Grass Which of the organisms above is the producer? Which of the organisms above is the top consumer? Hawks

17. Trophic Levels—each step in a food chain or food web 1. Level 1—Producers (autotrophs) 2. Level 2—PrimaryConsumers (herbivores) – 1o consumers 3. Level 3—Secondary Consumers (carnivores or omnivores) – 20 consumers

18. 4. Level 4—Tertiary Consumers (carnivore—usually top carnivore) – 3o consumers 5. Level 5 –Quaternary consumers – 40 consumers

19. Hawks Raccoons Weasels Mice Grass Food Webs

20. Ecological Pyramids A. Diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or organisms (matter)contained within each trophic levelof a food chain or web

21. Energy Pyramid shows relative amount of energy available ateach trophic level • 1. Organisms in a trophic level use 90% of the available energy for life processes(such as growth, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, metabolism, etc.) and release some energy as heat • Remember: Every chemical process that happens in your body releases heat as a byproduct (ex: burning calories). 2. Rule of 10—only about 10%of the availableenergy stored within a trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level

23. C. Biomass Pyramid—represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level

24. Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together) Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue—both decrease with each increasingtrophic level Why do you think this occurs?

25. 4/10 • Turn in: Desert Food Web WS • Reminders: • Test corrections: Today enrichment and after school, Tomorrow before (here) and after school (in Gym 2), Monday before and after school • Ecology Vocab Quiz on Monday • Extra credit due on Tuesday • Get out your Ecology notes, warm up sheet, and pick up the packet from the back

26. Warm up: If the primary producers’ total amount of energy is 23,000 how much energy would be available in the 4th trophic level?

27. V. Ecological Interactions between organisms • Competition—when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. • Ex: food, water, shelter • Direct competition results in: winner (survives and reproduces) • loser (dies, fails to reproduce) • survival of the fittest (natural selection)

28. Monkeys compete with each other and other animals for food. Rams compete with each other for mates.

29. Until Americans introduced gray squirrels into parts of England in the early 20th century, red squirrels had been the only species of squirrel in the country. The gray squirrels were larger and bred faster and successfully competed for resources. Within a couple years of overlap in an area, the red squirrels disappeared.

30. B. Habitat—where an organism lives, includes both bioticand abioticfactors.

31. C. Niche—the ecological niche involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism has in its habitat; how an organism lives and uses its habitat. Example: The ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the backyard includes absorbing light, water and nutrients (for photosynthesis), providing shelter and food for other organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.), and giving off oxygen into the atmosphere.

32. The ecological niche of an organism depends not only on where it lives but also on what it does. By analogy, it may be said that the habitat is the organism’s “address”, and the niche is its “profession”, biologically speaking. “Address”—Soil, Ground, etc. Worm’s Niche “Profession”– Mix-up soil

33. D. Predation—one organism captures and feeds on another organism • 1. Predator—one that does the killing • 2. Prey—one that is the food

34. E. Symbiosis—any relationship in which two species live closely together 1. Mutualism—both species benefit (WIN-WIN) a. Ex: insects and flowers Can you think of any other examples that we’ve talked about in class?

35. 2. Commensalism—one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. (WIN-0) Example: barnacles on a whale

36. The Remora fish attaches to the shark and gets a free ride. Commensalism Birds build nests in trees.

37. 3. Parasitism—one organisms lives on or inside another organism (host) and harms it. The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the host. (WIN-LOSE) Example: fleas on a dog

38. Wasp eggs on back of caterpillar. Parasitism Sea lampreys feed on fluids of other fish. Mosquito biting a human.

39. Mutualism, Commensalism or Parasitism?? Parasitism Mutualism

40. Mutualism

41. VI. Levels of organization in the biosphere • Population – group of individuals of same species living in same area • Community– assemblage of different populations (of different species) living in same area • Ecosystem – all organisms in a particular place and the surrounding physical environment • Biome – group of ecosystems with same climate and same dominant communities • Biosphere– the part of the planet where all life exists; includes land, water, air (atmosphere)

42. Levels of Organization in Biosphere

43. 4/11 • Reminders: • Test corrections: Today after school (in Gym 2), Monday before and after school • Ecology Vocab Quiz on Monday • Extra credit due on Tuesday • Ready to Roll on Thursday! Bring money (change preferred) and you don’t have to do class work!!! • Pick up papers from back

44. 4/18 • Turn in Good Buddies to Alpha Sorter if you did not finish in class. • Pick up old papers – get out Food Webs and Pyramids WS. • Grab computer and sign on to explorelearning.com – run gizmo – Rabbit Population

45. 4/19 • Pick up Notes on Cycles • Pick up a Textbook from the back countertop • TGIF!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Remember : Ecology Test next Thursday

46. Warm-Up • Define Carrying Capacity • What are some factors that affect carrying capacity? • A forest has a stable population of approximately 100 great horned owls. The owls nest in hollow trees, eat small animals, and have no predators. One year, a large new housing development is built, destroying half of the forest. How will this impact the carrying capacity of the forest and the owl population within the forest? • A. The carrying capacity will increase and the owl population will increase. • B. The carrying capacity will decrease and the owl population will decrease. • C. The carrying capacity will increase and the owl population will decrease. • D. The carrying capacity will decrease and the owl population will increase.

47. 4/22 • Get out cycles notes for Warm-up + sheet of paper. • Grab textbook + Succession Notes • If you missed the Ecology Quiz from last week, come see me!

48. Warm-Up 1. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1 percent of Earth's atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 20 percent. These percentages are maintained most directly by the processes of — A. absorption and evaporation. B. fertilization and recombination. C. respiration and photosynthesis. D. nitrogen fixation and mineralization. 2. How does a plant take in nitrogen? A. A plant takes in nitrogen as ammonium (NH4+) after a decomposing animal has released the ammonium. B. A plant takes in nitrogen as atmospheric nitrogen (N2) captured directly from the atmosphere. C. A plant takes in nitrogen as nitrates (NO3-) after nitrogen has been transformed by bacteria. D. A plant takes in nitrogen as nitrites (NO2-) received directly from other plants. 3. One of the nutrient cycles moves from an atmospheric gaseous form to the soil through both abiotic and biotic processes, moves through the food web, then is returned to the soil or to the atmosphere. Which cycle fits this description? A. carbon B. nitrogen C. phosphorus D. water

50. 4/23 • Get out Succession Notes • Spare sheet of paper for Succession Warm-Up • Pick Up – Ecology Puzzle • 6th period – Asian Carp Reading