SC Wing CAP Mission Aircrew Course Revision 6 - Feb 2019

1. South Carolina WingCivil Air Patrol Mission Aircrew Course ** Revision 6 – Feb 2019 – TX176/R.Hischke **

2. Administrative Items Form 101 So, you wanna train ??? • Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card • CAPR 60-3 NEED GENERAL ES !!!

3. Mission Scanner Requirements • Trainee • 18 years of age minimum • Complete Level 1 Requirements • Complete on-line CAPT 116, General Emergency Services (GES) • Qualification • Preparatory Training per SQTR-MS including on-line Aircraft Ground Handling • Recommend Review of Mission Aircrew Task Guide for MS • Demonstrate knowledge of procedures and plans • Assist in planning & conducting two sorties • Training conducted & verified by a qualified Mission Scanner

4. Training Requirements • Visual Search Pattern Procedures • Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures • Aircrew Coordination • Flight Line Operations • Survival and First Aid Procedures • Safety • Scanning Techniques and Sighting Characteristics

5. Flight Training/Qualification Requirements • Minimum of two separate sorties as a trainee under the direct supervision of a qualified Mission Scanner • Demonstrate Thorough Knowledge and Understanding of: • Visual Search Pattern Procedures • Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures • Coordination with Ground Teams/Air-Ground Signals • Aircrew Coordination

6. Scanner Duties • PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY: Visual Search • Be prepared to fly the mission — clothing, equipment, credentials, etc. • Assist in Completion of pre-mission WMIRS entries • Participate in briefings • Maintain an observer’s log • Conduct the mission as planned • Report observations accurately • Assist in completion of all post-mission WMIRS entries

7. Mission Observer Requirements • Trainee • Qualified Mission Scanner • Qualification • Preparatory Training per SQTR-MO • Recommend Review of Mission Aircrew Task Guide for MO • Complete Introductory Communications User Training (ICUT) • Demonstrate knowledge of Procedures and Plans • Plan & conduct two sorties • Training conducted & verified by a qualified Mission Observer

8. Flight Training/Qualification Requirements • Minimum of two separate sorties as a trainee under the direct supervision of a qualified Mission Observer • Visual and electronic search procedures • Visual search patterns as applicable • Electronic search with direction finding equipment • Electronic search without direction finding equipment • Aircrew coordination • Other search mission procedures

9. Observer Duties • PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY: Visual Search • SECONDARY RESPONSIBILITY: Assist MP • Be prepared to fly the mission — clothing, equipment, credentials, etc. • Complete pre-mission WMIRS entries • Participate in briefings • Maintain an observer’s log • Conduct the mission as planned • Advise the mission base of status • Report observations accurately • Complete all post-mission WMIRS entries

10. Mission Pilot Requirements • Trainee • Qualified Mission Scanner • Highly recommended to be Qualified Mission Observer • Current CAP Pilot with 175 Hrs. PIC incl. 50 Hrs. X/C • Qualification • Complete Introductory Communications User Training (ICUT) • Complete MISSION AIRCREW Course • Preparatory Training per SQTR-MP • Recommend Review of Mission Aircrew Task Guide for MP • Fly two separate training sorties • Demonstrate capability to fly search patterns • Complete evaluation flight check - CAPF 91. • Training conducted & verified by a qualified Mission Pilot

11. Mission Forms SQTR’s • Specialty Qualification Training Records • CAPR 60-3 & eServices • SQTR-MS - Mission Scanner • SQTR-MO - Mission Observer • SQTR-MP - Mission Pilot • etc.

12. SQTR-MS

13. SQTR-MO

14. SQTR-MP

15. Form 101 • Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card • CAPR 60-3 & eServices

16. Forms 104 and 108 • CAPF 104 Mission Flight Plan / Briefing / Debriefing Form • CAPR 60-3 • Completed on-line for each mission sortie in WMIRS • CAPF 108 CAP Payment / Reimbursement Document for Aviation / Automotive / Miscellaneous Expenses • CAPR 173-3 • Completed on-line or on paper for each mission if applicable • File within 30 days after mission completion • Processing may take weeks

17. Form 104

18. Form 104 (cont.)

19. Form 104 (cont.)

20. Form 108 (on-line)

21. Form 108 (paper)

22. FAA Flight Plan (standard)

23. FAA Flight Plan (ICAO)

24. Radio Communications& Procedures • There are many radios in aircraft • ALL have similar features, tuning, volume, squelch • Learn how to operate the radio you will be using • Keep radio transmissions brief and clear • Use “Code words” • Use “Prowords” • Figures • Time • Phonetic Alphabet • Handouts

25. Ground Team Coordination • CAPR 60-3 • Ground to Air Signals • Size equals visibility • Natural materials (contrast is important) • Body signals • Paulin signals • Air to Ground Signals • Aircraft motion • Circling and heading • Racing the engine • Message drop Think BIG!

26. Ground Signals

27. Aircraft Motion Signals NO YES Message received and understood

28. Low Level Navigation THE DANGER • The biggest single problem is crew workload • Your perception of speed varies with altitude SPECIAL ATTENTION • Man-made obstructions • Air crew duties • These items should be covered during the pre-flight briefing.

29. Position Determination • Electronic means • Radial and distance (DME) from an identified station • Intersection of two radials • Intersection of two reverse courses

30. Position Determination • Pilotage • Work from larger to smaller • Work from a known location to present location • Watch the scale on maps • Remain suspicious if all points don’t seem to line up right • Use groups of 3 characteristics to verify position

31. Pilotage • Get current chart • Plot course • Choose checkpoints • Measure true course • Correct for wind • Adjust for magnetic variation (magnetic-declination.com)

32. CAP Grid Systems • Overlay standard sectional maps • Subdivides the map into distinct working areas • Aeronautical Chart System • Each grid is 1/4° of latitude by 1/4° of longitude and is assigned a number • Standardized Latitude/Longitude System • Each primary grid is 1° of latitude by 1° of longitude and is defined by the Lat/Long of the lower right corner • Primary grids are subdivided by appropriate letters for sub-grids

33. Aeronautical Chart Grid System HOU 101 HOU 126B • Each 15’x15’ grid on the sectional is assigned a number • In this example, the grids depicted are on the HOU sectional • Grids are subdivided into 7.5’x7.5’ sections labeled A, B, C, and D • For areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used 96-00 W 95-00 W 31-00 N A B D C 30-30 N 95-45 W 30-00 N 95-30 W 96-00 W HOU 176 95-00 W

34. Standardized Latitude/Longitude Grid System 30/095 ADB 30/095 AA • This system does not require special numbering • Lat-long of lower right corner defines the primary grid • Letters are used to define sub-grids • A defines a 30’x30’ grid • AA defines a 15’x15’ grid • AAA defines a 7.5’x7.5’ grid 96-00 W 95-00 W 31-00 N A B B A B C D C 30-30 N 95-45 W D C 30-00 N 95-30 W 96-00 W 95-00 W

35. Making Grid Charts • You can use a new sectional — normally not updated unless it gets worn out • Use a hi-lighter (not pink) to mark grid boundaries on the chart using a long ruler • Mark grid identification in black ink for easy visibility • You should always keep a current sectional with you even if you have a sectional which is marked with grids

36. Search Planning& Coverage • Search Involves • Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors • Determining the area to be searched • Selecting the search techniques to be used • Possibility Area • Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP) • The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft • Correct for wind • Probability Area • Where is the aircraft likely to be

37. Determining the Possibility Area No wind endurance Flight level winds: 330/20 Aircraft Speed: 100 Kts Endurance: 2 Hours 40NM LKP 200 NM Wind vector Corrected for wind Maximum possibility area

38. Determining the Probability Area • Where was the last point where RADAR had the aircraft identified? • Is there an ELT? • Was there a flight plan (even if not on file with the FAA)? • Dead reckoning from LKP and heading • Reports of sightings • Other aircraft • People living along the intended route of flight

39. Narrowing the Probability Area • Flight plan • Weather information • National Track Analysis Program data • Airports along the intended flight track • Aircraft performance • Pilot’s flying habits • Radar coverage as a limiting factor • Nature of terrain along the flight track • Position reports — fuel stops, etc. • Most likely within 5 miles of intended track

40. Search Priorities • Areas of bad weather • Low clouds and poor visibility • Areas where weather was not as forecast • High terrain • Areas not covered by radar • Reports of low flying aircraft • Survival factors • Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls

41. Search Coverage • Factors which affect detection • Weather & lighting conditions • Type of Terrain • Search Visibility • Scanning Range • Track Spacing (S) • Determining factors for search area coverage • Type and number of aircraft available • Search visibility • Possibility Area • Probability Area • Probability Of Detection (POD)

42. Search CoverageProbability Of Detection (POD) • POD expressed as a “percent” that the search object can be detected • Four interrelated factors used to calculate • Track Spacing (S) • Search Visibility • Search Altitude • Type of Terrain • Cumulative POD calculated using a chart • “Effectiveness” must also be considered

43. Search Coverage Probability of Detection Chart

44. Search Coverage Cumulative Probability of Detection Chart Previous POD 5-10% 15 11-20% 20 25 21-30% 30 35 45 31-40% 40 45 50 60 41-50% 50 55 60 65 70 51-60% 60 65 65 70 75 80 61-70% 70 70 75 80 80 85 90 71-80% 80 80 80 85 85 90 90 95 80+% 85 85 90 90 90 95 95 95 95+ 5-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 80+% POD For This Search

45. Electronic Search Patterns Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) • Requires special skills that must be learned and practiced. • Normally set off by the impact of an airplane crash; can be set off by a hard landing--check 121.5 before engine shutdown • TSO 91 ELTs are most common in GA aircraft • 121.5 and 243.0 MHz – No longer monitored by satellite • 98% of all ELT activations are false alarms • TSO 91A ELTs also available • 406 MHz • Signal includes registration information • Has lower false alarm rate - only 90%

46. Electronic Search • Line-of-sight ELT signals can be blocked Signal blocked by the curvature of the earth Area of Reception Area of Reception

47. Search Path Path of missing aircraft Path of missing aircraft Done using Track Line or Creeping Line pattern • Altitude is normally 5,000 to 10,000 AGL • Use a search pattern assigned by the Mission Coordinator • Track Line (route) search or Creeping Line may be used • Track Line flown out and back on either side of expected track. • Creeping Line flown back and forth covering a large area. Legs flown perpendicular to the general direction the target would have been traveling

48. Homing with DF Equipment • Direction Finding Equipment – Becker SAR-DF 517 • Use standard homing procedures • Determine direction from the needle indications • Turn toward the direction indicated by the needle • Proceed until you get a strong “crossover” indication • Descend and “box in” the signal • Record Latitude & Longitude • Homing at low altitudes may cause problems due to interference from the ground or man-made obstacles

49. BECKER SAR-DF 517 Page 1 Page 2

50. “Boxing In” the Signal W W Lat/Lon Recorded S N E Record Lat/Lon when signal is at 90° left