SOCIAL JUSTICE OR INJUSTICE IN EDUCATION SYSTEM IN 6 DIFFERENTS COUNTRIES, Access and quality

1. SOCIAL JUSTICE OR INJUSTICE IN EDUCATION SYSTEM IN 6 DIFFERENTS COUNTRIES, Access and quality Luis Fernando Aranguren

2. Why education? • “Everybody has right to education • Education shall be directed to the full development of human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms • It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace” (art.26 - Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

3. BUT? • ACCESS & QUALITY • Access: • Gender issues • School available, • Free education • Public & private education • Library • Internet and other media • Availability of all possible majors

4. Quality: • Not only literacy and numeracy • Making the teacher training consistent • Traditional system methods • Improve new methodologies • Comparison of different teaching system • Degree comparables with foreign universities

5. Colombia

6. Colombia • Gender Issues: (Since +/- 30 years ago. The same right • School available: • Basic and middle school: • Public: free 70%* • Private: expensive 30%* • Superior education • Public: cheap, good quality 30% public universities * • Private: Expensive good quality 70%private universities * • Literacy rate • Women: 92%** • Men: 91%** • Library and Internet: Main cities: free access. small cities or villages: Not access. * Source: Ministry of education. www.mineducacion.gov.co ** Source: CIA www.cia.gov

7. National coverage students Coverage rates Year students Coverage rate ColombiaBasic and media education Source: Colombian education minister

8. National coverage students Coverage rates Year students Coverage rate ColombiaSuperior education Source: Colombian education ministry

9. Social Justice in Thailand: Educational Access and Quality Wasan Chantong DVM, MSc (PhD student)

10. Pre-primary education (Three years) Primary education (Six years) Lower-secondary education (Three years) Upper-secondary education (Three years) Higher education (Four years for Bachelor’s degree) The Structure of the Thai Education System

11. Educational System and Network Central: Ministry of Education Network: public and private institutions Neighboring countries: Lao PDR and Cambodia School atmosphere

12. Access 1: Educational Opportunity • Gender issues • both Thai male and female are provided equal opportunity to access to life-long education and training • Disabilities • Provide public education to the disabled, the handicapped and the under-privileged. Girl-guides and crippled boy scouts stand hand in hand during their gathering.

13. Access 2: Education Technology System and Information Network • Increase and disperse the opportunities for education for all Thais in both urban and rural areas. • Tele-education (Thai-com satellite) • Television set • Computer and internet • H.R.H. Princess Maha ChakriSirindhorn • has always paid special attention • to education for young people.

14. Access 3: Availability • Universitiesand Community Colleges • 65 public and private universities and colleges • 17 institutions are community colleges • 150 other educational institutions • offering various vocational degrees • Classroom atmosphere

15. Quality1: Literacy • Currently according to UNDP, the literacy rate in Thailand is 92.6 per cent • male: 94.9% • female: 90.5% (www.cia.gov, retrieved July 26, 2006) • Need to develop more

16. Quality 2: Teachers • High-quality teachers and educators • basic ethical requirements • 5-year-course Bachelor’s degree in Education • Professional certificate • High salary • Inadequate number of quality teachers and financial supports

17. Quality 3: Tradition and new methodology • Traditional system methods • the integration of education, religion, culture and sports into the educational and training curriculum • Improvement of new methodology • the integrative learning process • the "learner-centered approach“ • self-education and life-long education

18. Quality 4: knowledge-based society • On-going access; need time to measure the quality • Power of creativity • A love of reading • Sufficient community-based libraries, learning centers and educational media

19. Spain Jorge Pintor

20. General Background Primary and Secondary School University The Gitano Case

21. Primary and Secondary School • Most government-funded/Private institutions • Usually good (though not excellent)

22. University • Fees (Usually Low) • Good students with good marks don’t pay if they apply for government grants

23. The Gitano Case (i) • 650.000 gitanos • 1.6% of the population • According to Alfagueme y Martínez, (2004):

24. The Gitano Case (ii) Idiosyncrasy of the family Society/Racism

25. The Gitano Case (iii) Fundación Secretariado General Gitano (1994): Fundación Secretariado General Gitano (1994): 36% of the Gitano students do not attend lessons

26. Social Justice in Brazil : Educational Access and Quality Cristiano C. Nunes

27. Primary Education Secondary Education Higher Education Social Justice: Educational System in Brazil ? Access and/or Quality…

28. Access • Gender issues • Compulsory • Schools available • Free education • Public and private

29. Primary and Secondary School • Important Characteristics • Public x Private • 1990’s • Meals • Library • Higher Education http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN /0,,menuPK:322351~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:322341,00.html ?

30. Higher Education • General Characteristics • Expansion during 1990’s • Different organizations • Federal • State • Municipal • Private • Federal University

31. Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV • Undergraduate Courses • Graduate Courses • Library http://www.ufv.br/ http://www.ufv.br/proplan/ufvnumeros/numeros2005.pdf

32. Education and Social Justice in Iraq Dena K. Mohammad M.A. American Studies

34. Access to Education • Free Education • Free education from elementary to high school • Some state universities provide free education • Private universities are not free • Availability of Majors • Certain fields of study are not available in universities

35. Libraries • City libraries are free and available in the three major cities across Iraq • Access to library services is free in schools and universities • Sources and materials are generally old publications / lack of up-to-date materials • Access to internet and media services is strict and limited

37. Quality of Education • Access and quality do not go hand in hand • Serious deterioration in recent years • Private education do not promise quality • Absence of social justice in all educational institutes • Role of Teachers and Professors • Education is strictly teacher-centered • Serious cases of corruption • Teaching methods are out-of-date

38. Challenges to Education • Successive Wars/Aftermath • Stressful security situation • Financial difficulties/Drop-outs

39. Iraqi school girls talk to USAID education advisors in a classroom of the the Agadir Secondary school in the Saydiya neighborhood of Baghdad. USAID is looking at ways of updating the Iraqi school curriculum • Attempts at Recovery • Assistance and recovery programs • USAID Assistance for Iraq • UNESCO programs • Recovery requires community work to back these programs up

41. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

42. Education and Discrimination • Before 1979, Russian Invasion • Access to education was low • Education centered only in big cities like Kabul, Kandahar, Heart, Mazar e Sharif • Only the families related to the king had the right of education and higher education • Students were mostly boys • The quality of Education was good and was comparable to other countries

43. After Bonn conference in 2001 • Learning strategy • Article 45 of Afghanistan constitution: states develop unified curriculum based on • Islamic principle • National culture • Based on scientific methods • Religious subjects based on branches of Islam

44. Access to the education is very high and successful • 1500000 children went to school in 2004 as well as 2005 • All children will be at schools by 2015 • Equity education for girls and boys • Schools are open for both girls and boys in urban and rural areas • according to article 44 of Afghanistan Constitution the state is responsible to develop education all over the country for both girls and boys

45. Quality has become a high priority because the quantity is on a regular and satisfactory progress • The Quality is improving by: • Curriculum development • New textbooks in our national languages (farsi and pashtoo) • Teacher education programs

46. Content of education • Development of culture of peace • Respect for human rights • National and international understanding • Brotherhood • Forgiveness • Reconstruction of Afghanistan • Safeguarding its territorial integrity and Independence

47. Literacy CIA - the World Fact Book

49. CONCLUSIONS • WE HAVE SEEN differences and similarities among countries (multiples perspectives) • WE CAN LEARN from each other’s experiences and educational systems • WE MUST find ways to improve education all over the world

50. Potential obstacles • Political corruption • Ambition and egoism • Indifference • War