The Body’s Support & Control Systems

1. The Body’s Support & Control Systems Mr. Ramos

2. Lesson 1 • Objectives: • Describe the function of the skeletal system and how to care for it. • Discuss the functions of the muscles and skin and how to protect them. • Explain the function of the nervous system and how to protect it.

3. The Skeletal System • The Skeletal Systemsupports and protect your body. • In adults, it is made up of 206 bones. • Bones are mainly composed of calcium.

4. How to Protect your Skeletal System • Eat healthy foods that contain calcium • Exercise (walking, dancing, aerobics) • Practice good posture • Wear comfortable shoes • Get regular check ups

5. Parts of the Skeletal System • The spine (vertebral column) supports your body and protects the spinal cord.

6. Parts of the Skeletal System • Joints are places where two bones meet.

7. Parts of the Skeletal System • Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bones at joints.

8. Parts of the Skeletal System • Cartilage is tough but flexible. • There are three types of cartilage: • Elastic Cartilage • Fibrocartilage • Hyaline Cartilage

9. The Integumentary System • The integumentary system is made up of the skin, hair, nails… • The skin is the body’s largest organ. Functions Warm Cool Protects My skin is like a raincoat Protect your skin

10. Skin – The First Line of Defense • The skin protects you from germs, UV rays, and chemicals. • Different people have different skin colors. Melanin is a substance that gives skin its color.

11. Birthmarks are red or bluish-red marks from blood vessels. Markings on Skin Freckles are small, flat pigment cells in the skin. They may be light brown or tan. Moles are raised collections of pigment cells. They are usually brown, black, or blue.

12. ABCD Rule for Melanoma • How can you tell if your mole may be cancerous? • Asymmetrical (not the same on each side) • Border is irregular and not smooth • Color is uneven • Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser

13. The Muscular System • The muscular system is made up of muscles that control your body’s movements. • Humans have about 640-850 muscles. • There are three types of muscles: • Skeletal Muscles – voluntary • Smooth Muscles - involuntary • Cardiac Muscles – involuntary

14. The Muscular System • A tendon is a cord of tissue fibers that connect a muscle to a bone.

15. Taking Care of the Muscular System • Exercise & Stretch • Eat foods that have protein • Lift heavy objects correctly

16. The Nervous System • The nervous system processes information and controls all body activities. • The nervous system is made up of the • Brain – controls everything • Spinal cord – carries messages from the brain to the body • nerves – carry messages from the spinal cord to the rest of the body

17. Protecting Your Nervous System Prevent Injuries • Wear a seat belt in the car • Wear a helmet when riding bike Avoid Harmful Substances • Avoid illegal drugs • Avoid alcohol Be a Safe Sport • Wear correct equipment for any sport • Swim and dive with care

18. Lesson 2 • Objectives • Describe how your body’s transport systems function • Explain the way in which your respiratory and circulatory systems work together • Summarize how your digestive and urinary systems function • Explain how your endocrine and immune systems work for your body’s growth and protection

19. Moving Fuel, Oxygen, & Waste • The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. • The cardiovascular system (circulatory system) transports the oxygen and carbon dioxide brought in by the respiratory system. • The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. • The urinary system removes liquid waste from the body.

20. Cardiovascular System • Your cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. • This system transports blood throughout the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries & veins.

21. Respiratory System • Your respiratory system is made up of the nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. • Its main job is breathing. It bring oxygen in and carbon dioxide out.

22. The Respiratory System • The diaphragm is a muscle below your lungs that helps you breath.

23. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems Relationship • Alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs that put the oxygen in the blood and take the carbon dioxide out of the blood.

24. Taking Your Pulse: Activity • A Pulse measures how fast your heart is beating. • We measure pulse in beats per minute(BPM). • Your pulse is felt on arteries. You cannot feel a pulse on veins. Tachycardia is more than 100 BPM Bradycardia is less than 60 BPM

25. Caring for These Systems • Do not smoke • Exercise regularly • Avoid polluted air • Avoid toxic fumes • Seek medical help if you develop a respiratory illness • Avoid fatty foods • Maintain a healthful weight • Follow a plan to manage stress

26. The Digestive System • The digestive system is composed of many organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, small & large intestines, pancreas, and anus. • The digestive system breaks down food to obtain energy.

27. Urinary System • The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethtra. • This system removes liquid waste, called urine, from the body. • The kidneys filter the liquid and the bladder stores it.

28. Keep your Digestive & Urinary Systems Healthy • Take small bites and chew your food thoroughly. • Include fiber in your diet • Wheat bread, bran, brown rice, oats, and fresh fruits and vegetables. • Exercise regularly • Take in plenty of water each day

29. The Endocrine System • The endocrine system is made up of several glands that produce hormones. • Endocrine glands release hormones into the blood.

30. Immune System • The immune system is made up of an army of white blood cells, lymph, and lymphoid organs. • These cells help fight invaders. • Pathogens are disease causing invaders, such as viruses & bacteria. Pathogens

31. Immune System Cells • Immune System cells are formed in the bone marrow. (e.g. B-cells, T-cells, Macrophages) • T-cells mature in the thymus gland. • The spleen is the immune system’s filter.

32. Lesson 3:What to Know About Puberty • Objectives: • Summarize how the body changes during puberty. • Discuss how the male reproductive system works. • Discuss how the female reproductive system works. • Identify ways in which individuals differ in their growth and development. • Describe ways in which individuals become responsible adults.

33. Your Changing Body • How does a child become an adult? • Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood, during which many physical, mental, and emotional changes occur. • The beginning of adolescence is usually associated with puberty. • Puberty is a period of growth during which males and females become physically able to reproduce.

34. Secondary Sex Characteristics • Puberty typically begins at about age 12 for males and age 11 for females. • Secondary sex characteristics are characteristics of adult men and women that develop during puberty. • Secondary sex characteristics in males include deepening of the voice, growth of hair, increased bone and muscle mass, enlarged penis, and more. • Secondary sex characteristics in females include, enlarged breasts, widening of hips, menstruation, growth of hair, and more.

35. Secondary Sex Characteristics

36. Sex Hormones • Puberty occurs because of sex hormones. • Estrogen is a hormone that affects female sexual development and the menstrual cycle. • Testosterone is a hormone that affects male sexual development.

37. The Male Reproductive System • The reproductive system is the group of organs and other structures that enables humans to produce offspring. • The male reproductive system produces sperm cells. This production occurs in the testes. The male reproductive system produces a milky fluid known as seminal fluid. When sperm enters the fluid, it is called semen, or male ejaculate.

38. The Male Reproductive System: The Journey of Sperm • Sperm cells are made in the testes and mature in the epididymis. • Sperm travels from the epididymis through a tube called the vas deferens. • The sperm travels through the vas deferens where it is them bathed in seminal fluid. • The vas deferens becomes the urethra and semen is ejaculated from the penis after a series of muscular contractions.

39. The Male Reproductive System

40. Reproductive Health for Males • Bathe or shower daily to keep the reproductive system clean. Dead skin and secretions can collect under the foreskin of uncircumcised males. • Wear protective gear, such as a protective cup, while playing sports. • Perform regular testicular self-examination. Ask your doctor to show you how to perform this test.

41. Reproductive Health for Males • Have regular medical checkups and ask your doctor any questions that you have about the reproductive system. • Seeks medical attention for any problems. Males should consult a physician if they notice any sharp pain, lumps, or sores, rashes, or a discharge from the penis.

42. Testicular Examination

43. The Female Reproductive System • The female reproductive system produces egg cells or ova. • Ovulation is the release of a mature ovum, or egg, from an ovary. • One egg is usually released each month from an ovary. • Fertilization of an egg cell and a sperm cell occurs in the fallopian tube.

44. The Female Reproductive System

45. The Female Reproductive System • Eggs that are not fertilized leave the body during menstruation (aka. Period). • Menstruation is a monthly process during which the built-up lining of a woman’s uterus sheds itself and leaves the body. • The average menstruation cycle is 28 days with 5 days of menstrual flow. • Some women experience longer or shorter menstrual cycles with heavy orlight blood flow.

46. Reproductive Health For Females • Females should keep track of their menstrual cycle. This may help physicians understand any problems that may occur in a woman’s body. • During menstruation, use pads or tampons to absorb the menstrual flow. • Pads are made of cotton and absorb blood. • Tampons are inserted in the vagina and collect blood before it leaves the body.

47. Reproductive Health For Females • Take a warm bath or exercise moderately to help reduce menstrual cramps. • Females should limit their intake of caffeine and salt. Females should also ask a parent/guardian or physician about pain medication. • Make breast self-examination a monthly habit. • Females should check their breasts for lumps, skin changes, or unusual tenderness right after their menstrual cycle. • Always seek medical attention for any irregularities or problems.

48. Changing at Your Own Rate • A developmental task is a task that must be mastered as a person matures. • Develop friendships with members of both sexes. • Show that you respect your body. • Work on skills you will need to have if you decide to marry & become a parent. • Develop skills that will help you prepare for college or find a job. • Know your values & make choices that are consistent with them. • Cooperate with others.

49. Lesson 4:Pregnancy and Childbirth • Objectives • Explain what happens during pregnancy and childbirth. • Describe how people’s behaviors affect the future health of the mother and the fetus during pregnancy. • Discuss the responsibilities of parenthood. • Explain the risks of teen pregnancy and parenthood.

50. Pregnancy • Fertilization, also known as conception, is when a sperm cell and egg cell unite. • Sperm cell + egg cell  zygote