Preconditions for the Reformation

1. Preconditions for the Reformation • Pope’s Unam Sanctam-Pope has authority over all earthly Kings • Fr King Philip IV despised-Why? • Advisor elected Pope-Clement V • Moved papacy to Avignon France-was there for 70 years • Under French influence • Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377, but died • Rome elected own pope • French elected own pope • Known as the Great Schism How does the Church appear?

2. John Wycliffe & Jan Hus • Wycliffe-Scholar at Oxford attacked church practices • Wealth of the Church • Clergy immorality • Pope’s claim to supreme authority • Argued the Bible was the only guide to faith & salvation • Jan Hus-follower of John • Taught at Univ. of Prague • Burned at stake as a heretic • Why do you think these ideas were opposed by the Church?

3. Printing Press & Education • Gutenberg’s printing press • Allowed for Bibles to be mass produced • Allowed educated men to read more-became aware of Church doctrines • Education-Renaissance • The lay city inhabitants were more educated • Understood politics and basic philosophic ideas • Lay people could preach on their own-had own Bible & could read it. • How does this undermine the Church?

4. Martin Luther • As a monk, he studied theology & received his doctorate • Luther was troubled by his own sinfulness & the righteousness required by God for forgiveness that was taught by the Church • Did Luther believe that Penance & good works were enough to gain salvation? • Justification by faith alone • Believe & trust in Jesus Christ because his righteousness satisfies God.

5. The Reformation • Luther didn’t want to break away-just reform • His complaints of the Church • Indulgences/Purgatory • What is Purgatory? • Church raising armies & declaring war • Church Practices not found in the Bible-clerical celibacy, sacraments • Infallibility of the Pope • Oct. 31, 1517 he posted his 95 theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany

6. Europe’s Response • Luther urged Germ. Princes to force reforms on the church to curtail its political & economic power in Germany • He was called before Emperor Charles V to recant his beliefs-Diet of Worms • Some German princes sided with Luther-Why? • Still declared an outlaw • Luther protected by a German Prince-Frederick the Wise • He translated Erasmus’ Greek Bible into German “My conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot & will not recant anything…”

7. Political Reasons for Supporting the Reformation • German princes argued that a church doesn’t need its huge landed estates-Why? • Envied the property of the Church & its freedom from taxation • What do you suppose the princes are trying to do? • Way to assert their freedom from the Holy Roman Emperor • Princes worked with converted preachers in bringing in new followers

8. Anabaptists • Radical reformers who called for more extreme separation from the RCC. • Wanted a more visible moral transformation-Why? • Rejected infant baptism • They physically separated themselves from society • Formed religious communities together • Ancestors of the Mennonites & Amish • Why would this be a problem? • Viewed as a threat by political authorities

9. Calvinists • Started by John Calvin in Geneva Switzerland-1536 • Believed in the idea of ‘predestination’ • God knows who is going to be saved • Guides those lives destined for salvation • Calvinists gained control of Geneva • Believed people were sinful by nature • Outlawed dancing, card playing, profane language • People liked the strictness of the new denomination • Calvinism had more followers than Luther & greatly influenced Northern Europe • Why do you suppose people like the strictness of Calvininsm?

10. England & the Reformation • King Henry VIII actually was against Luther • However, his wife didn’t produce a male heir • Wanted to divorce her • Pope said no • How could he solve this? • Declared himself head of the English Church • Sir Thomas More didn’t agree and support-beheaded • Henry VIII didn’t change the Church much • Maintained Catholic doctrine in a country full of Protestants

11. The Western Heritage 1995

12. Catholic Counter-Reformation • Church needed an answer to the Protestant uprisings-found help in the Jesuits • Started by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534 • Very militaristic with an emphasis on self-discipline & obedience to the Church • Good Catholics were to deny themselves & submit to the higher Church authority • Combined with the traditional spirituality & mysticism of the Church • Was a potent combination • Won back many Protestants in Austria, Bavaria & along the Rhine • Why do you think the Church supported this monastic order? • How does geography play a role in the success of the Jesuits?

13. Church Answers the Reform Call • Council of Trent 1545-1563 • Made almost entirely of Ital.’s • Presided by the Pope • Changes made: • Ban selling Indulgences • Made bishops live in their diocese • New rules for clergy-better dressed, educated, active, & strictly celibate • No concessions made to Protestants on doctrines • Church said use of rich display, mystery & ceremonies would inspire faith & help believers achieve salvation • What did the Church change?

14. Religious WarsOf Europe • By 1550’s 1/3 of France was Protestant Calvinists • Called the Huguenots, they worked to reform rest of Fr. • Catholic King Henry III not about to let that happen • St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre-1572 • Rioters in Paris & around Fr. Killed 20,000 Protestants • Calvinists knew they had to respond • Protestant Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV • He renounced Calvinism & returned to the Catholic fold • What did Henry IV have to give up to be King? • Edict of Nantes-issued by Henry IV & proclaimed a truce • Protestants would control cities they occupied

16. Germany & The Thirty Years’ War1618-1648 • Peace of Augsburg in 1555 assured that each prince could choose the faith of his territory • Was an uneasy peace-a patchwork of Catholic/Protestant territories in the HRE • The new HR Emperor, Ferdinand II, revoked the freedoms in Protestant Bohemia • They responded by throwing his representatives out the castle window in Prague • As new HR Emperor-was going to crush the revolt

17. Bohemian Phase • Emperor Ferdinand II called on supporters in Bavaria & Spain • Sent troops to defeat the Bohemians • Battle of White Mountain-Catholic troops routed the Protestants • Bavarian Duke pressed the war on into rest of Germany hoping to gain lands • What does this tell you about the motives of the Nobility?

18. Danish Period • The Danish King was fearful that the Emperor was going to reCatholicize the whole HRE • Why? • Danes started fighting the Bavarian forces to maintain their Protestant faith • Also wanted to gain control of land along North & Baltic Seas • Was badly defeated by General Wallenstein who occupied Denmark

19. Swedish Phase • Swedish King Adolphus had a united Lutheran Sweden • Found allies in Northern Germany to continue fighting • Won great victory at Breitenfeld • Swung war back to Protestant side • Germans tired of fighting • Protestants compromise with Emperor • Swedes won’t accept-invested too much- what do they want? • French wanted to continue war- • Secretly sent $ & supplies to Protestants • Why would they do this? • What was the war being fought for now?

20. Swedish & French Phase • French enter the war in 1635 (They’re Catholic) • Along with Swedes they continue the fighting-IN GERMANY! • Germans watch their lands being looted • 1/3 of Germany is killed • Just as devastating as Black Death • Treaty of Westphalia-1648 • Ended the war • Basically was a repeat of the Peace of Augsburg • Calvinists gained legal protection • Brandenbug-Prussia emerged powerful in N. Germany What is now the role of religion in European politics?