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Nonrenewable Energy

Nonrenewable Energy. Environmental Science Chapter 17. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels. Objectives: List five factors that influence the value of a fuel Explain how fuels are used to generate electricity in an electric power plant

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Nonrenewable Energy

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  1. Nonrenewable Energy Environmental Science Chapter 17

  2. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Objectives: • List five factors that influence the value of a fuel • Explain how fuels are used to generate electricity in an electric power plant • Identify patterns of energy consumption and production in the world and in the U.S.A. • Explain how fossil fuels form and how they are used • Compare the advantages & disadvantages of fossil-fuel use • List three factors that influence predictions of fossil-fuel production

  3. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Key terms: Fossil fuels Electric generator Petroleum Oil reserves Nuclear energy Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear waste

  4. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Five main uses for fuels • Cooking • Transportation • Manufacturing • Heating and cooling • Generating electricity Task Suitability and Value of a fuel depends upon energy content, cost, availability, safety and byproducts of the fuel’s use

  5. Electrical energy is convenient to use Energy in fuels is converted to mechanical energy and then to electrical energy Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels An electric generator is any machine that converts mechanical energy, or motion, into electrical energy or the flow of electrons.

  6. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Production of fossil fuels • Coal is produced by millions of years of pressure and high temperatures applied to plant remains • Oil & natural gas come from marine organisms subjected to pressure and high temperatures. Both are usually found in the same location.

  7. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel • Water pollution from both subsurface and surface mining; air & noise pollution; underground coal fires • Pollution depends on quality of coal • Bituminous – produces more heat, less pollution • Lignite – less heat, high sulfur content, greater pollution

  8. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Global coal deposits

  9. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Oil, coal and natural gas deposits in US

  10. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels World Patterns of Energy Use

  11. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels Energy Use in the United States Energy Production in the U.S. 52% coal 18% nuclear power 18% natural gas 7% hydroelectricity 3% oil 2% biofuels, wind, solar

  12. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels • Petroleum is crude oil extracted from underground deposits • Petroleum products range from fuels, to chemicals to plastics • Petroleum accounts for 45% of world commercial energy use • Before it can be used it must be refined

  13. Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels • Petroleum is usually located near major geological features • Faults, salt domes, folds • Exploration evaluates depth, sediment on top, and amount of petroleum • Drilling rigs are used to drill through the rock. Sometimes pumps are necessary to extract petroleum.

  14. Environmental impacts of petroleum • When burned, petroleum products release carbon monoxide, CO2, sulfur and other pollutants • Oil spills from ships, vehicles, watercraft engines, etc.

  15. Economic costs of Oil • Oil companies receive tax subsidies each year valued at over $10 billion • Program subsidies that benefit oil companies run about $114 billion per year • Military support for oil producing regions $53-96 billion per year • Strategic Petroleum Reserve - $5.7 billion per year • Cost of a gallon of gas - $16 per gallon; 18 gallon fill-up = $288

  16. Natural Gas • CH4, is the cleanest fossil fuel and produces less than 50% of the CO2 of coal • Can be used as fuel in automobiles, electric plants, etc. • Stored and shipped as a gas and as a liquid

  17. Future of Fossil Fuels • 90% of the energy in developed countries comes from fossil fuels • By 2050 global energy demands will double • Oil production is projected to begin to drop within the year • As easy to reach oil deposits are depleted, costs for drilling deeper will raise the price per barrel

  18. Section 2: Nuclear Energy • All current nuclear energy electric plants (104) use nuclear fission • Nuclear fission is the splitting of uranium atoms with neutrons • Nuclear fission generates tremendous heat and radioactive waste • Produces no CO2 emissions • France 59 plants; Japan 53; SK 20

  19. Nuclear fission

  20. Problems with Nuclear Energy • Storage and disposal of nuclear waste • Costs of building nuclear reactors • Natural gas plants $600 per kwh • Wind turbines $1000 per kwh • Nuclear plants $3500 per kwh • 1970’s - $400 million; 1990’s $4 billion; now $8 billion • Safety concerns • Three Mile Island - 1979 • Chernobyl, Ukraine - 1986

  21. The Future of Nuclear Power • Fusion vs. Fission • The fusing (combining) of atoms under intense heat which releases neutrons from nuclei producing energy • Nuclear fusion reactors are now in development in EU and US

  22. Nuclear fusion

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