KINDS OF GROUPS

1. KINDS OF GROUPS

2. GROUPS & PHRASES GROUP • An expanded word A nuclear word is expanded by pre-modification and qualification PHRASE • A Mini-clause two obligatory elements. The preposition is followed by its complement not its expansion

3. THE NOUN GROUP Nominal groups name and describe people, places, things and events.

4. NG - STRUCTURE A nominal group consists of a main noun or “head” word and has the potential to be expanded by adding information before the head word My dog loved those bones Diectic THING My dog loved those three bones Diectic THING numerative My dog loved those three lamb bones from the butcher shop Diectic classifier qualifier=============== numerative THING

5. THE VERBAL GROUP Verbal Groups are used to describe material, mental, behavioural, relational, verbal and existential processes

6. VG -STRUCTURE • simple, consisting of one element only (runs, asked) • extended, consisting of one or more auxiliaries + a main verb (may have been running)

7. OTHER FEATURES • Up to four auxiliaries can occur • The meanings expressed by the auxiliaries are: modality, perfect tense, progressive aspect, passive voice, in this order when they all occur. They can have been being taught a new topic by then. Modality Passive Perfect tense HEAD Progressive aspect

8. MORE FEATURES • The longer combinations are more frequent in spoken than in written English. • Non-finite VGs (having been seen) can express perfect, progressive and passive meanings but not tense or modality.

9. Simple VG Structure A simple element, usually the lexical element, realised by a finite or non-finite form of a lexical verb So there will be finite and non-finite verbal groups

10. Example: drive Finite forms driveThey drive on the left in the UK drives He drives to work every day. drove He drove out of the garage.

11. Example: drive Non finite forms: (to) drive It is important to drive with care They won’t let you drive without a license drivingDriving to work, I listen to the news. driven Drivenaway by night,the car was abandoned

12. Simple verbal groups illustrated Rivers perhaps arethe only physical feature of the world that appearat their best form from the air. Mountain ranges, no longer seen in profile, dwarftoanthills; seas lose their horizons; lakes have no longer depth, but looklike bright pennies on the earth's surface; forests becomea thin impermanent film, a mass on the top of a wet stone, easily rubbedoff. But rivers, which from the ground one usually sees in cross sections, like a small sample of ribbon - rivers stretch out serenely ahead as far as the eye reaches. A.M. Lindbergh, ‘North to the Orient’

13. Extended VG structure An extended VG structure consists of a lexical verb at the head, preceded by up to four auxiliaries . In VGs with only one auxiliary, this is necessarily the operator (o), and according to its type, selects a corresponding form of the lexical verb. Operators typically carry the idea of time and, sometimes, of person: has driven; is driving; was driven. They can also express modal meaning (can be there, may be there, must be there) and positive or negative polarity (did go, didn’t go).

14. Extended VG structure In VGs with more than one auxiliary, the first one is the operator (o), the others being just auxiliaries indicating modality, perfect tense, progressive aspect, voice, etc. and being identified with an (x). The lexical verb is marked with a (v). Examples: must drive ov will have driven oxv should have been driven oxxv can have been being driven oxxxv

15. Extended verbal groups illustrated It must be realizedthat many students will be goingabroad for the first time and maywell feel anxious about the kind of reception they will be given, about the kind of work they will have to door about the host family they will be assigned. Many of these worries caneasily be avoidedby giving them as much information as possible beforehand. In the past some students havecomplained that they have had to facecertain difficulties in the first weeks owing to lack of information. [Downing, Angela & Philip Locke English Grammar. A University course. London: Routledge, p. 327] must be realized oxv will be going oxv may feel ov will be given oxv will have to do oxv will be assigned oxv can be avoided oxv have complained ov have had to face oxv

16. THE ADJECTIVE GROUP The adjective group expresses qualities

17. AdjG -STRUCTURE Three structural elements extremely Modifier (m) Qualifier (q) to solve Head (h) difficult to buy very dear of the job tired so sorry

18. THE ADVERB GROUP They express the qualities of the processes or situations

19. AdvG - CHARACTERISTICS Three major sets Expressive Conjunctive Circumstantial Time Manner addition concession Space modality result degree reinforcement focus

20. AdvG - CHARACTERISTICS They can occupy many different positions in clause structure, when functioning as Circumstantial or Modal Adjuncts They are frequently optional in the sense that they can be omitted without the clause becoming ungrammatical

21. AdvG -STRUCTURE Three structural elements Modifier (m) Qualifier (q) Head (h) very early in the morning early very early

22. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE nominal completive + Preposition (head)

23. Preposition (h) may consist of One word: From; in; on; at; out Two words: Because of; out of Prepositional group Three words: In contact with

24. Completive (c) may be realised by: • a noun: in town; on top; at school • a pronoun: after me; on her; from them • a NG: for a long time; inthe garden • an adjective: in short • an adverb: for now; by then • a clause: because of what happened

25. The PP general characteristics A preposition cannot occur without a nominal unit (= pronoun, nominal group, embedded clause filling the position of a nominal group) and a nominal unit is not part of a PP if there is no preposition. Both are equally necessary to form the group; both have equal grammatical status. Remember that a prepositional phrase is not an expanded word, but more a structure of complementation. Just as with many transitive verbs the ‘Complement’ has to be there, so in a PP both the preposition and the completive are also obligatory. Just as a transitive verb ‘governs’ its Complements, so a preposition governs its completives.

26. PP - STRUCTURE Three structural elements straight Modifier (m) COMPLETIVE the point Head (h) to completely out of order right into the police station OPTIONAL only by working hard

27. PP FUNCTION IN THE CLAUSE • as Circumstances to a verb expressing an action, event, happening All this happened long before the war. All the children were running around the playground. They often smoke during the morning break. She killed him out of hatred. She asked the question with great innocence. She works as a shop-assistant. In her view, he is wrong.

28. PP FUNCTION IN THE CLAUSE • as Qualifiers mainly in NGs and also in AdjGs and AdvGs. Qualifier in NGp: a bridge [over the river]; apricots [on the tree] Qualifier in AdjGp: brilliant [at mathematics]; doubtful [about his chances]; interested [in literature] Qualifier in AdvGp: away [from home]; far [from here]

29. PP FUNCTION IN THE CLAUSE • other uses which are not so frequent: Subject: After dark is the best time for fireworks. In the morning is most appropriate.

30. PP: EXAMPLES IDENTIFY THE PPS IN THE FOLLOWING TEXT AND TRY TO DECIDE WHETHER THEY FUNCTION AS QUALIFIERS OR CIRCUMSTANCES Wilson stood gloomily by his bed in the Bedford Hotel and contemplated his sash, which lay uncoiled and ruffled like an angry snake. The small hotel room was hot with the conflict between them. Through the wall he could hear Wallis cleaning his teeth for the fifth time that day. “It’s cleaning my teeth before and after meals that has kept me so well in this climate”, he would say. Now he was gargling. It sounded like a noise in the pipes. Wilson sat down on the edge of his bed and rested. He had left his door open for coolness and across the passage he could see into the bathroom. The Indian with the turban was sitting on the side of the bath. He stared inscrutably back at Wilson. Wilson angrily shut the door. [Downing, Angela & Philip Locke 2002: pp. 553-554]

31. PP: EXAMPLES Wilson stood gloomily by his bed [in the Bedford Hotel] and contemplated his sash, which lay uncoiled and ruffled like an angry snake. The small hotel room was hot [with the conflict [between them]]. Through the wall he could hear Wallis cleaning his teeth for the fifth time that day. “It’s cleaning my teeth before and after meals that has kept me so well in this climate”, he would say. Now he was gargling. It sounded like a noise [in the pipes]. Wilson sat down on the edge [of his bed] and rested. He had left his door open for coolness and across the passage he could see into the bathroom. The Indian [with the turban] was sitting on the side [of the bath]. He stared inscrutably back at Wilson. Wilson angrily shut the door.

32. by his bed [in the Bedford Hotel] Circumstance of place [in the Bedford Hotel] Qualifier of “bed” like an angry snake. Circumstance of manner (comparison) [with the conflict [between them] ]. Qualifier of AdjG [between them] Qualifier of NG Through the wall Circumstance of place for the fifth time that day Cir. of frequency (extension) before and after meals Circumstance of time in this climate Circumstance of place like a noise [in the pipes]. Circumstance of manner (comparison) on the edge [of his bed] Circumstance of place Qualifier in nominal group [of his bed]

33. for coolness Circumstance of reason (purpose) across the passage Circumstance of place into the bathroom Circumstance of place (direction) [with the turban] Qualifier in NG on the side [of the bath] Circumstance of place [of the bath]. Qualifier at Wilson. Circumstance of place (direction)